2۔ دیت تغلیظ
دیت کو زیادہ سخت بنانا ، اس میں زیادہ شدت اختیار کرنا ۔ قتل عمد کی دیت میں شدت اختیار کرنا ۔ امام مالک ؒ کےمطابق باپ کا اپنے بیٹے کے قتل کی صورت میں دیت مغلظ ہو گی یعنی اونٹوں کی صور ت میں دیت یہ ہو گی ۔ تیس حقہ ، تیس جذعہ ، چالیس خلفہ ۔ سونے اور چاندی کی صورت میں ان اونٹوں کی قیمت میں اور عام دیت میں جو اونٹوں کی قیمت کا فرق ہے دیت مغلظہ میں شامل ہو گا ، مثلاً اگر دیت خفیفہ کے اونٹوں کی قیمت چھ سو درہم ہے اور دیت مغلظہ کے اونٹوں کی قیمت آٹھ سو درہم ہے تو یہ زائد دو سو درہم سونے یا چاندی کی صورت میں ادا کی جانے والی دیت میں شامل ہوں گے ۔ 167
امام احمدؒ کے نزدیک دیت میں تغلیظ کے تین اسباب ہیں : حرم میں قتل ، اشہر حرام میں قتل اور محرم کا قتل ۔ ان کے نزدیک تغلیظ کا طریقہ یہ ہے کہ ان ہر تین اسباب میں سے ہر سبب کی موجودگی میں ایک تہائی دیت زائد ہو گی اور اگر تینوں اسباب جمع ہو جائیں تو دو دیتیں لازم ہوں گی۔ "168
3۔ وہ زخم جہاں مکمل مماثلت کے ساتھ قصاص ممکن نہ ہو صرف دیت دی جائے گی۔ انہیں ارش بھی کہتے ہیں۔ اس کی مندرجہ ذیل تین اقسام ہیں :الف) شجہ ، ب)جائفہ اور ج)غیر جائفہ۔
Allah guided His men through great Prophets and messengers who, through their active economic, religious and politico-economic lives, taught the people how to lead a life. As the people have to come across all these fields of life, therefore, performing rights and duties is essential for a peaceful society. The accomplishment of Sharia objectives depends on the performance of rights and duties. If there is some breach in these rights and duties, the Sharia objectives are lost. If we ponder over the decrees of Allah, it becomes clear that the accomplishment of the decrees itself is the permanence of rights and duties. In this research paper, the rights of the Creator on His men and the rights of men on their Creator, Similarly, the rights of men among themselves and their performance, and the rights of animals and how they can be performed have been described and these Sharia objectives rights are closely related to each other.
Maize, one of the world’s most important cereals is susceptible to an opportunistic pathogen, Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination, which ultimately causing both economic and human health related problems. The insufficient understandings of maize resistance to the fungus have made the selection of resistant genotypes difficult for scientists and cultivators. Fourteen different types of maize genotypes were investigated in the fields of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The experiments were conducted in two maize growing seasons i.e., spring sowing (1st experiment) and autumn sowing (2nd experiment). The study was aimed to find out the maize host response to A. flavus exposure and its effect on the grain yield, quality (chemical composition) and aflatoxin accumulation during the spring and autumn seasons. For this purpose, A. flavus inoculum was applied in the cob during seed maturation. A. flavus inoculated plants produced some damage, however, these symptoms were negligible, but inoculated and non-inoculated cob were morphologically different that’s why visible symptoms of fungal infection on maize cob can be related to the infection by the A. flavus in maize genotypes. Fungal inoculation reduced the grains per cob, total grains weight/cob, protein, oil as well as carbohydrate contents of the grains. The maize genotype KSC-9663 produced better yield during spring season among all genotypes, used in this study. Maize genotype, FH1046 overall produced better yield during autumn season and maize genotype YH-1898 was better for chemical/nutritional quality (grain starch, fiber, ascorbic acid and carbohydrate contents) during spring as well as during autumn (grain fat, fiber, ash, carbohydrate, ascorbic acid and total free amino acid) seasons as compared to other genotypes. Maize genotype, KSC9618 produced highest phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic, proline, polyphenols) during spring season and R-2207 produced higher concentration of phytochemicals better during autumn season. Maize genotype, FH-1046 produced highest contamination of aflatoxins (AFG1 and AFB1), while, YH-1898 produced highest accumulation of AFB1 and Malka16 accumulated highest concentration of AFG2 in spring sowing experiment. Maize genotype, Pearl produced highest contamination of AFG1 and R-3305 produced highest aflatoxin contamination (AFB1) in autumn season. All genotypes showed resistance to AFB2 in both experiments, as did not produce or its level was lowered than the permissible limit for human consumption. 1st experiment (spring season) produced greater aflatoxin contamination as compared to 2nd experiment (autumn season). It is concluded that non-wounding A. flauvs inoculation could significantly affect the yield of maize genotypes under favorable weather conditions (for A. flauvs), which affected the yield and chemical composition of maize grains.