قانون ٹارٹ كا فقہ اسلامى كى روشنى میں جائزہ

Tort law is an umbrella term for  laws  which cover issues of civil wrongs like defamation, trespassing and the other actions involving  violation of law. In case a person has undergone a physical, legal or any economic harm then he can file a suit under the tort law. Torts are civil wrongs recognized by law as grounds for a lawsuit. It is also generally known that tort in Islamic fiqh as “Jinayet”. This paper attempts to analys  by Islamic law in thel light of the  relevant verses for the Qur’an followed by the rules stated in traditions from the Prophet (Peace by on him). Jinayat the part of Shari’a that applies to homicide or physical  injury is called jinayat and is based on the pre-Islamic rules of Arab blood feud, as modified by Prophet (Peace be on him). The punishment is either retaliation or blood money (diyat). Retaliation occurs only upon  the request of the victim, if alive, or his nearest kin if the victim is dead, and is to be inflicted by victim or kin. In the case of homicide retaliation means death, in the case of injury it means imposing an identical injury. Where retaliation is one of the options, the victim or his closest kinsman may demand blood money instead, or negotiate an out of court settlement. Jinayat, like modern tort law, is based on private action; there is no official responsible for initiating the case.

Impact of Conflict Management on Managerial Performance

The purpose of this study was to find out relationship between the Conflict Management Strategies and Managerial Performance. The Conflict Management Strategies selected for this study were Integrating, Accommodating, Compromising, Forcing and Avoiding. The study investigated the relationships among five Behavioural Conflict-Handling Strategies and also their relationship with Constructive and Destructive Conflict. Besides this, the relationship of Destructive and Constructive Conflict with Managerial Performance was also studied. One forty two managers from three different cellular companies of Pakistan (i.e.) Mobilink, Ufone and Paktel participated in this study. The instrument administered was developed by Rahim (1983). This instrument measured the five conflict management styles and also their relationship with Destructive and Constructive Conflict. However, for measuring Managerial Performance the instrument used was developed by Lusch and Serpkenci (1990). In this correlation study, percentages, means and standard deviations were used to analyze the data. And the results were calculated by using correlation analysis on the collected data. Empirical results both support and question some of the previous findings in conflict research. The results indicated that Integrating, Accommodating, Compromising, Forcing and Avoiding conflict-handling strategies could have different impacts on Constructive and Destructive Conflict in a Performance Context. The findings of this study shed some light on the effect of various styles and revealed that the use of Accommodating and Integrating styles influence Managerial Performance in a positive way. Recommendations for further research were also provided.