The Rise of Greek Philosophy in the Muslim World and Imam Ghazali’s Tahafat-ul-Falasafah (An Analytical Study)

Imam al-Ghazali has criticized not the logical principles but their misuse and incompetence of philosophers. In addition, Imam al-Ghazali's objective position on philosophy and science in the objectives of the philosopher is highlighted that he had no problem with mathematics and in his view the difference in logic is actually the terminology. Imam al-Ghazali's personality has been debated in various contexts in the context of religion, philosophy and science, and even today new aspects of it keep coming to the fore. The reason for this is on the one hand Imam Sahib's intricate personality and on the other hand Imam Sahib's versatility. Modern studies have made Imam al-Ghazali an enemy of philosophy and science. Along with Orientalist wisdom, modern Islamic scholars also studied Imam al-Ghazali on the methodology of Enlightenment, due to which they too came to the same conclusion that Imam al-Ghazali is the biggest obstacle in the way of philosophy and science in Islamic civilization. Following in his footsteps, our traditionalist scholars now present Imam al-Ghazali as the victorious philosopher. No, but absorbed it. In this article, we have tried to make it clear that integration is a prominent element of Ghazali's philosophy of thought. Rejection of philosophy has become the identity of Imam Ghazali while passion for philosophy is a sign of his greatness of thought. Imam Ghazali's critique of Tahafat-ul-Falasfa defines the nature and scope of this critique. The main target of Imam Sahib's criticism was the theological conclusions of Muslim philosophers which contradicted the basic tenets of Islam. In addition, Imam al-Ghazali's objective position on philosophy and science in Maqasid al-Falasfa highlights that he had no problem with mathematics and in his view the difference in logic is in fact terminology. There is truth and falsehood in physics. We have to think about it. Yes, there is a lot of falsehood in theology. Imam al-Ghazali is the guarantor of the life of philosophy in theology. This article examines in detail the nature of the relationship between Imam al-Ghazali and philosophy, and how philosophy has influenced Imam Sahib's overall thought. The influence of philosophy on his theology, ethics, theology and principles of jurisprudence has been highlighted. At the same time, the effects of Imam Ghazali on philosophers and philosophers on Imam Ghazali are also presented with examples.

Slim+ Advanced - Simple Lightweight and Intuitive Multicast Protocol for Manets

Mobile Ad-hoc networking (MANET) is an evolving field of wireless networks where nodes form a temporary network without any central administration. To establish communication with a distant node in a multi-hop fashion, intermediate nodes must work as router to forward data packets for other nodes. A routing protocol is therefore needed to find routes for end-to-end communication. The topology of the network changes frequently and unpredictably due to high mobility of nodes, hence making routing a very challenging task. Typically MANETs were supposed to be a closed group of nodes communicating with each other. The group members were well-defined and pre-registered; new nodes may not be allowed to join the network due to strict group management. However the situation has changed and MANETs are getting popular in open groups e.g. VANETs and local area social networks(Stieglitz & Fuchß, 2011).Now any node can join or leave the network without permission. Much of the research work has been done for close group MANETs while a little has been done for the open group MANETs. While unicasting (one-to-one communication) and broadcasting (one-to-all communication) are two extreme modes of communications, but often a subgroup of nodes is the only target of a communication, e.g. teleconferencing or live media streaming, such communication is termed as Multicasting. An efficient multicast protocol tries to deliver data to all the target recipients with a minimum load on the network. This is achieved by establishing a distribution structure that avoids unnecessary data duplication. Several routing protocols have been proposed to achieve multicasting in MANETs. However these protocols are typically designed for many-to-many- teleconferencing type multicast applications and neglect the need of one-to-many TV/Radio streaming media type multicast applications. Further for open-groups, it is difficult for these protocols to maintain the group membership for such a highly volatile environment and hence result in degraded performance. In literature, only SLIM protocol was proposed to cater this need. However, we identified two shortcomings of SLIM -viz. (1) its dependence upon the underlying unicast routing protocol and (2) lack of advertisement mechanism that makes the new comers aware about the availability of a live media stream - a much needed feature in the open groups. In this thesis, we propose SLIM+ as an improvement that promises to fulfill the said gaps, implement it in NS2 simulator and evaluate its performance in comparison with the contemporary multicast routing protocols like PUMA and MAODV. The simulation results show that SLIM+ is indeed scalable, lightweight and simple protocol that outperforms its counterparts with respect to all the evaluated QoS parameters particularly PDR was observed above 75% and NRL was observed below 5%.