Trading in Influence: Modus Baru dalam Korupsi Indonesia Tahun 2022 dan Paradoks Kriminalisasi

This study evaluates the handling of corruption cases by the Prosecutor's Office, the Police and the Corruption Eradication Commission throughout 2022 and gives a fair grade (C) with a handling percentage of about 50% of the target of 2,772 cases. A comparative assessment of the last five years illustrates the dynamics of the handling of corruption cases. Quantitative charts highlight trends in enforcement, from the number of cases to potential losses to the state. Mapping corruption cases using the influence peddling mode involves identifying, analyzing, and summarizing patterns. Mapping steps include identification of cases, analysis of characteristics, creation of visual maps, integration of contextual factors, trend analysis, and recommendations. This mapping supports the understanding and formulation of strategies for dealing with corruption cases using the influence trading mode. In 2022, budget abuse dominates, followed by price gouging and fictitious activities. The high prevalence of these three methods indicates a lack of oversight in development and widespread corruption in the procurement of goods and services. Of the 579 cases, 43% involved the procurement of goods and services. Influence trading methods were also identified and used 19 times. The delegation of great authority to regional heads creates bargaining in the promotion and transfer of ASN. The case of buying and selling positions involving Regional Heads and ASN reflects the symbiosis between the two, with greed for power and ASN's desire to obtain immediate positions. The rise in this case is likened to an iceberg phenomenon, with the possibility that many cases have yet to be discovered.

Structural, Electronic and Vibrational Properties of 2Nd Row Transition Metal Clusters

Metal clusters play key role in chemical industry, nanotechnology and cellular biology. Chemical industry depends on the selection, development and application of catalysts. The most valuable catalysts used in these modern chemical industries consist of metal clusters. Introduction of a dopant atom in a metal cluster significantly enhances the catalytic activity. Moreover, in heterogeneous catalysis, the ability of metal cluster to react chemically with different molecular species totally depends on the size of the clusters. Bimetallic nano clusters have gained significant interest due to their specific and matchless structural, optical, electronic, and magnetic properties and their significance in nano technology and catalysis. Full range of bimetallic silver-yttrium AgnYm cluster of low nuclearity (n + m = 2-10) are studied using the density functional theory (DFT) at TPSSTPSS method with a Lanl2dz pseudopotential. The results for various properties including structural, ionization potential adiabetic, electron affinity, binding energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, average bond length, total energy, bond dissociation energy and 2nd order difference energy are evaluated as function of (n+m) size of the system. Moreover, the results for these bimetallic clusters are compared with pure silver and yttrium clusters. Different spin multiplicities of each cluster are also studied to locate the low energy structures. Cluster with higher nuclearity (n + m ≥7) favors three dimensional structure where clusters with low nuclearity (m + n ≤6) except (n + m = 5) favor two dimensional structure. Ag6 cluster also preferred planar 2D configuration. All pure silver clusters are more stable in low spin multiplicity, while pure yttrium clusters are more stable in higher spin multiplicity. Multiple bimetallic silver yttrium clusters have stability at varying spin state. Based on binding energy values the pure yttrium clusters are more stable than pure silver and bimetallic clusters. Density functional theory calculations have also been performed on pure silver (Agn), yttrium (Ym) and bimetallic silver yttrium clusters AgnYm (n+m = 2-10) for reactivity descriptors in order to find active sites for electrophilic and nucleophilic attack. The results illustrates that atoms in a stable ground state in a geometry can be categorized into different types of reactive sites. The reactivity of numerous sites as a function of cluster size and shape was thus investigated. The investigation reveals that the sizes and shapes of the pure silver, yttrium and bimetallic silver yttrium cluster (n = 2-10) influence the number and position of active sites for an electrophilic and/or nucleophilic attack. Doping of pure clusters with the other elements also influences the hardness, softness and chemical reactivity of the clusters. The softness increases as we increase the number of silver atoms in the cluster, whereas the hardness decreases. The chemical reactivity increases with silver doping whereas it decreases by yttrium doping. Silver atoms are nucleophilic in small clusters whereas, in large clusters, silver atoms are electrophilic in nature. The research here is designed at the investigation of new bimetallic clusters with distinctive electronic properties. These distinctive electronic properties comfort in finding new applications in electronic devices. Furthermore, these silver yttrium bimetallic clusters are expected to have improved catalytic activity which will assist industrial processes.