اکرامؔ سانبوی (۱۹۴۲ئ۔۲۰۱۱ئ) کا اصل نام محمد اکرام ہے۔ آپ ریاست جموں کشمیر کے سرمائی صدر مقام جموں میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آبائو اجداد کا تعلق ضلع جموں کی تحصل سانبہ سے تھا۔ اسی لیے اکرام سانبوی کہلاتے تھے۔ قیام پاکستان کے بعد جموں سے ہجرت کر کے سیالکوٹ کے محلہ پورن نگر میں آباد ہوئے۔ آپ نے ایم ۔اے اردو اورنیٹل کالج لاہور سے کیا اور اس کے بعد جناح اسلامیہ کالج سیالکوٹ میں اردو کے لیکچرا ر کی حیثیت سے آپ کا تقرر ہوگیا۔(۹۵۱)
اکرام ؔغزل اور نظم کے شاعر ہیں۔ کالج کے زمانے میں انھوں نے کئی مزاحیہ مضامین اور افسانے لکھے جو کالج میگزین کے علاوہ کئی سطح کے ادبوں رسالوں میں شائع ہوئے۔ تنقیدی مضامین اور خصوصاً شاعری کا شوق بڑی عمر میں ہوا۔ اس لحاظ سے ان کی شاعری کی عمر کچھ زیادہ نہیں تاہم ان کے کلام سے ظاہر ہوتا ہے کہ ان میں ایک اچھا شاعر بننے کی پوری صلاحیت ہے۔ اکرامؔ کے کلام میں ہمیں گہرا سماجی شعور ملتاہے۔انھوں نے بڑی خوبصورتی سے اپنی شاعری میں اپنے ماحول کی شعری زبان میں عکاسی کی ہے ۔اور اس کے ساتھ ساتھ اپنے وقت کے مسائل کو بھی بڑی عمدگی سے پیش کیا ہے۔ ان کے ہاں ہمیں افسردگی اور بے چینی نظر آتی ہے۔ جو ان کے دل کی دنیا کی بھر پور عکاسی کرتی ہے۔ کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
ہر طرف یاس کا اندھیرا ہے
زندگی ہو گی اب بسر کیسے
بے ثمر ہو گئے شجر کیسے
بے صدا ہو گئے نگر کیسے
(۹۵۲)
زبان شعر میں قصہ اداس راتوں کا
لہو رُلائے گا اک بار غور سے تو سنو
(۹۵۳)
بہتر ہے مرا آج میرے ماضی کے کل سے
One of the core issues in contemporary economic trends is the fair and just distribution of wealth into the society. In this research, a comparative study of ‘distribution of wealth’ in Capitalism, Communism and Islam has been conducted. Qualitative research method is adopted for the analysis of data. The review of literature reveals that central ideas of Capitalism, Communism and Islam are ‘liberty’, ‘equality’ and ‘justice’ respectively. After evaluating the basic infrastructure, methodological framework and practical consequences of these three systems, it has been established that Capitalism and Communism have badly failed in maintaining fair distribution of wealth. Both (Capitalism and Communism) enhanced global inequality which could be assessed from the present economic condition of world as half the world’s wealth is now in the hands of just 1% of the population. On the other hand, Islam has ensured the just distribution of wealth by taking two revolutionary steps: by giving 18 compulsory and 6 optional commandments about circulation of wealth and by overruling all means of hoarding. Moreover, unlike Capitalism and Communism, Islam has given special instructions to distribute wealth among poor, disable, and helpless persons of society who are incapable of participating in the process of production. These measures promote peace and prosperity in society and reduce the ratio of poverty. In the light of above findings, it is concluded that only Islamic economic system can guarantee the just and fair distribution of wealth. It is, therefore, recommended that Islamic countries should implement the Islamic economic system in order to get rid of economic instability.
The actual dose delivery in radiotherapy is of prime importance, which can only be achieved by using an accurate dosimeter. This work reflects the fabrication of three types of dosimeters that can be applied in radiation dose measurement during radiotherapy and other areas of radiation measurements. LiF is a special material, which when doped with some activators produces a single crystal that acts as a highly sensitive nanophosphor. These nanophosphors have several applications, such as, color center laser, integrated optics and radiation dosimetry. It is widely used in personal dosimetry because of its low energy dependence, tissue equivalency, stability and sensitivity. In this work, we have locally fabricated monocrystalline cubes of LiF doped with Mg, Ti, Dy3+ and Eu3+ by simple chemical coprecipitation method. These dosimeters were annealed at two unique temperatures i.e. at 400ºC and at 600ºC. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, and FESEM, EDX, FTIR for structural and morphological studies. XRD showed the phase of LiF and crystallite size was found around 30 nm. SEM studied the surface morphology of the samples as cubic, while EDX indicated the chemical composition of the nanophosphor. FE-SEM was employed to see the grain and grain boundaries more clearly. Furthermore, FTIR spectra were recorded in order to see the different molecular species and functional groups in these nanophosphors. The spectra revealed the presence of hydroxyl group (–O–H) of the metal hydroxide such as Mg (OH)2, stretching vibrations of rare-earth cations (Dy3+ and Eu3+) and metals oxides, Li-O and Mg-O. To study the PL properties of the two dosimeters (LiF: Mg, Dy3+ and LiF: Eu3+), PL spectroscopy was performed, which confirmed the emission spectra in the visible region of 685 nm for Dy3+and 610 nm for Eu3+. Both emissions occurred in the red portion of electromagnetic spectrum. Finally, the core property of these dosimeters i.e. the TL property was studied from their glow curves. All the obligatory parameters for these dosimeters were carried out; for example, dose sensitivity, dose linearity response, dose fading, dose rate dependency, angle dependency, and energy dependency. The fabricated TLDs and commercially available TLDs were compared both in sensitivity and glow curve peak temperatures. The glow peak temperature was 285 °C to 290 °C while the sensitivity of the fabricated TLDs was about 8 times less than that of commercial ones to lower doses and vice versa. In-vivo dosimetry was performed using Rando-phantom in 5 common radiotherapy treatment sights having Organ at Risk. The OARs were shielded with customized blocks. The shielded OAR dose and the in-field target doses were measured, using the TL dosimeters (LiF: Mg, Ti). The measured dose and the Treatment Planning System (eclipse point dose version) results were compared and both were found well correlated in open areas, and shielded regions.