مسٹر گارنر
مسٹر گارنر، جن کی وفات کی خبر حال میں شایع ہوئی ہے، ایک مشہور سیاح تھے، جنھوں نے سالہا سال افریقہ کے جنگلوں کی خاک چھانی تھی، آج سے تقریباً تیس سال قبل انھوں نے اس دعویٰ کا اعلان کیا تھا کہ بندروں میں بھی باہم ایک طریقہ کی گفتگو ہوتی ہے۔ ۱۸۹۲ء میں وہ مقام گیبون میں مقیم ہوئے، جہاں بندروں کی سب سے زیادہ ترقی یافتہ صنف گوریلا کی بکثرت آبادی ہے، یہاں کئی مہینہ تک انھوں نے اپنے تئیں ایک بڑے قفس آہنی میں ایک چمپانزی کے ساتھ مقید رکھا، اور اس کے ذریعے سے بندروں کی باہمی ’’گفتگو‘‘ سنتے رہے، لیکن ان کے اس دعویٰ کو سائنٹفک حلقوں میں زیادہ مقبولیت نہ حاصل ہوئی، اور جمہور محققین کا فیصلہ اس وقت یہ ہے کہ نطق و گویائی کی قوت انسان کے لیے مخصوص ہے، جس میں بندر وغیرہ کوئی صنف حیوانات اس کی شریک نہیں۔
(اپریل ۱۹۲۰ء)
Macro approach in the national education is both organization empowering and education process. Education excuting organization has coverage and autonomous that it can accommodate society need in every situation. The education process is carried out openly to inlarge inputs from society. The education process is carried out by instilling a sense of excellence to face global challenges, while at the same time trying to make educational institutions the center of civilization. All that requires educational innovation that focuses on curriculum renewal, teaching materials, evaluation systems, building repairs and construction, etc. Teachers as education personnel have a central role in administering an education system. By becoming a teacher, someone expects to be able to obtain adequate compensation for the necessities of life. In motivation theory, the provision of appropriate rewards and punishments, can affect the performance and quality of work.
Metallic Multilayer Thin Films and Nanowires containing magnetic layers of Ni, Fe, Co or their Alloys, separated by non-magnetic spacer layer of Cu or Pt were prepared by Magnetron Sputter Deposition and Electrodeposition Techniques. The Fe/Cu/Ni trilayers were fabricated using RF Magnetron Sputter Deposition Technique. The XRD analysis exhibited crytalline behavior with cubic crystal structure and a new phase corresponding to cubic plane FeCuO was observed with increasing Cu spacer layer thickness. Thus roughness and interface diffusion of layers enhanced. The Magnetic analysis showed a trend of decreasing coercivity with increasing in Cu layer thickness and soft magnetic behavior. The resistivity of the samples measured by I-V plot was also increased with increasing Cu layer thickness. A Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) value of 16% was observed for minimum Cu layer thickness. Then Multilayer (ML) Thin Film Structures of N[Fe/Cu/Ni] were Electrodeposited for GMR measurements. The XRD analysis for structural studies revealed that all peaks were well matched with Ni (face-centered cubic) being the top most layer during ML deposition and a shifting of preferred orientation was observed with variation in the layer thickness of Cu. Refined structural parameters were calculated and details of fittings have been discussed with reference to layers’ thicknesses. Crystallite size, dislocation density, Stacking Fault Probability and strain all showed oscillatory behavior with variation in thicknesses. Magnetic properties investigated using VSM showed strong dependence of magnetization on layer thicknesses. Increasing Fe and Ni layer thicknesses enhanced the Saturation Magnetization whereas oscillatory behavior of magnetization was observed with variations in Cu layer thickness. Magnetotransport measurements showed Oscillatory Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) behavior as a function of intervening layer thickness. Highest value of GMR ∼12% was observed with a Cu layer thickness of 9.6 nm. Template-Assissted Single and Multilayered Nanowires of Ni, Ni/Cu/Ni, NiCo/Cu/NiCo and NiCoFe/Cu/NiCoFe were fabricated using Potentiostatic Electrodeposition Method. Stacks were repeated throughout the length of Nanowires. Polycarbonate track etched membrane was used to prepare nanowires with 30 nm diameter (pore diameter) and 6 mm length. A Hexagonal closed packed (hcp) crystal structure was observed from XRD xvii results. Texturing of c-axis of nanowires was in the direction perpendicular to the NWs'' long axis and remained same for all Nanowire Samples. Crystallite size of Ni, NiCo/Cu/NiCo and NiCoFe/Cu/NiCoFe was found comparable to the pore diameter of polycarbonate template i.e. ~ 30nm thus showing c-axis in the direction perpendicular to the NWs'' long axis. The low coercivity but a ver high value of GMR i.e. 70.84% was observed for NiCoFe/Cu/NiCoFe Multilayer Nanowires. Finally, different structures of Co1-xPtx(0£x£1) alloys in the form of thin films and nanowires were also prepared using Electrochemical Deposition Method. Thin films containing lower Co content exhibited hard magnetic behavior whereas soft magnetic properties were observed for thin films with high Co content. Ordered L10fct structure was obtained for all the samples at room temperature. In case of Co1-xPtx Nanowires, the similar trend of hard magnetization was exhibited for lower Co content, whereas soft behavior for all the rest of the compositions. For nanowires containing lower Pt content, the easy axis lied parallel to the wire axis and crossover was observed for higher Pt content. Switching mechanism of the magnetization occurs by localized coherent rotation for lower Pt values and by curling rotation for higher Pt values in Co1-xPtx nanowires.