ایسر التفاسیر اور اضواء البیان فی تفسیر القرآن کا تقابلی مطالعہ

The ancient 5000 BCyears old Indus Valley Civilization, widely recognized as one of the most important early cities of South Asia. It is one of the world’s first cities and contemporaneous with ancient EgyptianCivilizations and Mesopotamian civilizations. Mohenjo-Daro is located west of the Indus Riveraround 28 kilometres (17 miles) from the town of LarkanaDistrict, Sindh, Pakistan. The Indus Valley civilization was entirely unknown until 1921. It was discovered in 1922 by R. D. Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India, under the direction of John Marshall, K. N. Mohenjo-Daro does mean 'Mound of the dead'. It is the name given by the locals to the place. The total area of Mohenjo-daro is 620 acres. Numerous objects found in excavation include seated and standing figures, copper and stone tools, carved seals, balance-scales and weights, gold and jasper jewellery, and children's toys. Many important objects from Mohenjo-daro are conserved at the National Museum of India in Delhi and the National Museum of Pakistan in Karachi. In 1939, a representative collection of arteffacts excavated at the site was transferred to the British Museum by the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.

A Study of Democratic Leadership Style and its Impact Perceived by Elementary School Teachers on Their Morale in Pakistan

The focus of the study was on the democratic leadership style of head teachers and how it impacts teachers morale in federal government elementary schools in the Rawalpindi region in Pakistan. This research concentrated on how teachers perceived democratic leadership style of their head teachers and how teachers feel about morale in relation to the democratic leadership practices at their schools. This research was guided by three objectives: a) To find out the influence of democratic leadership style of head teachers on the morale of elementary school teachers in Pakistan. b) To find out how democratic leadership styles of head teachers develop high morale among elementary school teachers? All thirty-two federal government elementary schools situated in Rawalpindi city were the population of study to find out which elementary school head teachers were practicing democratic leadership style in their schools. For the collection of required data, mixed methods approach was utilized. A leadership styles Questionnaire measuring democratic, Authoritarian and Laissez-faire developed by Northouse (2009) was used to find out leadership styles of school head teachers. The school head teachers who exercised democratic leadership style were considered for further collection of data. For which in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with their school teachers to find out the influence of democratic leadership style on the morale of those teachers. Further, the researcher used a basic interpretive method of analysis and thematic analysis to analyze the interview data. The data analysis showed that due to the use of democratic leadership style the elementary school teachers morale was high. Teachers acknowledged trust, support, and motivation as factors that influenced their morale. This research has confirmed that the use of democratic leadership style has a positive influence on the morale of elementary school teachers in Pakistan.