درد اک رنگ ہے قرار نما
اور ہے رنگ اک ہزار نما
لب ہلے اس کے اور دل میرا
کھینچتا جائے ہے شکار نما
اس ادا پہ ہیں جان و دل قربان
دشمنِ جاں ہوئے ہیں یار نما
اب خزائوں سے کیا خطر مجھ کو
اس کی اک اک ادا بہار نما
عالم اپنا ہے عالمِ دیگر
شعر میرا ہے اک ہزار نما
زندگانی سکوتِ شب ہے فضاؔ
اور سحر لائی ہے قرار نما
This research is conducted, in order to perceive the attitude of higher secondary level students of Sindh towards science. Students (Male = 448, Female = 648) belonging to higher-secondary level (Class-XI & XII) from Hyderabad division were surveyed. Students were divided in Urban (N=455) and Rural (N=641) groups accordingly. “Test of Science Related Attitudes” known as TOSRA, initially developed by (Fraser, 1978) was adapted and translated in Urdu as well, was used as the attitude measurement instrument. Internalk consistancey was checked with Cronbach’s alpha reliability test. After pilot study the test was administrated. Significant difference of the attitude towards science across the students was noticed based on their gender and their locale. The results show that, with small effect size, male students significantly scored higher on almost all of the attitude sub-scales of TOSRA as compared to female students. Interestingly, students belonging to rural areas significantly scored higher with medium effect size on all the attitude sub-scale towards science as compare to students from urban areas.
Pulp and paper industry is well known for employing a massive amount of fresh water as well as producing large quantities of wastewater. The wastewater from paper and pulp industry contains high strength organic and inorganic pollution which has the potential to deteriorate the environment and have adverse effects on human health and water receiving bodies. The conventional treatment processes are less efficient to remove persistent organic compounds like colour, COD, lignin and other organic pollutants from paper and pulp wastewater. This research presents the advanced treatment of real wastewater by optimizing operational parameters like initial pH of wastewater, ozone dose, catalyst dose, catalyst stability, the initial concentration of COD in wastewater and reaction time. Three types of catalysts including natural zeolite (NZ), activated carbon (AC) and alumina (Al) were used. The advanced oxidation processes (O3/UV, O3/NZ, O3/AC, O3/Al) were used to treat real wastewater (black liquor) from the paper industry. Three main parameters (COD, colour, and TOC) were selected to investigate the performance of said processes. The reason behind this selection was that if we control these parameters in wastewater then other parameters (in the form of pollution) automatically decreases and this will result in cost and time-saving in the process. Catalysts were prepared under optimal conditions and their characterization was performed by considering adsorption properties, morphology, and chemical structure. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the physical and chemical aspects of the catalyst structure. FTIR analysis presents catalysts typical profile and presence of different functional groups. BET analysis showed surface properties (pore size, pore volume, etc) of catalysts. The EDX studies showed the presence of different elemental composition in the selected catalyst. The results reveal that the O3/UV process showed 43.64% COD, 64.42% colour and 45.64% TOC removal. The COD and colour removal efficiency during the O3/NZ process was 71.75% and 88.79% respectively. The TOC removal during O3/NZ process was 56.43%. The O3/AC process showed the maximum COD and colour removal efficiency of 91.75% and 97.51% respectively. The TOC removal during O3/AC was 64.1% The O3/Al process showed 82% COD, 93.78% colour and 53.09% TOC removal. Among the studied AOPs, the catalytic ozonation by using AC showed the maximum COD, TOC and color removal efficiencies at the natural pH of the wastewater. The parameters (pH 6.8, ozone dose 0.3mg/ml, CODo 400 mg/l, catalyst dose 10 g/L, time 120 min) proved to be optimum for the studied processes.