چاک دامان لیے، چاک گریبان لیے
محفلِ قیس میں پہنچے ہیں یہ سامان لیے
آئے تھے دنیا میں ارمانوں کو پورا کرنے
جائیں گے یاں سے مگر لاکھوں ہی ارمان لیے
لوگ کہتے ہیں جو دیوانہ ہمیں، کہنے دو!
ہم بھی نازاں ہیں کہ زندہ ہیں یہ پہچان لیے
جب کسی سے بھی مرے درد کا درماں نہ ہوا
آ گئی موت مرے درد کا درمان لیے
موسمِ گل ہو خزاں ہو، کہ بہاریں تائبؔ
اپنی تو ذات میں ہم پھرتے ہیں زندان لیے
Almighty Allāh sent his messengers to lead and guide the human beings. One of the lessons we learn from the lives of the prophets and their struggles is the significance of the presence of a peaceful environment. During the lifetime of our holy Prophet establishment the for examples numerous find we, (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad and maintainance of peace. The Arab society was famous for battles and the people were wild in nature, but, with the arrival of Islām, they became the most loving and peaceful society in the world. This article focuses on the role of Aṣḥāb al-Ṣuffah in maintaining and promoting peace. Aṣḥāb al-Ṣuffah was a group of people who stayed at the northern corner of al-Masjid al-Nabawī under the constant watch of the Prophet (ﷺ) himself. Aṣḥāb al-Ṣuffah lived in a and life his observed They. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet the to proximity closed learnt from his lectures. So, it can truly be called the first school of the Islamic history. A number of students, schooled in al-Ṣuffah were sent to the different parts of the Arabia and later, to other parts of the Islamic empire, to disseminate the message of peace and love among the people. Their efforts are a significant part of the Islamic history in the promotion of peace.
Mushroom is considered a sensitive crop as it requires special care for contolling insect pests damages especially through phorid (Megaselia halterata) and sciarid (Lycoriella auripila) flies during March-November, creating cultivation problems and serious threat for mushroom industry in Pakistan, Sometime severe infestation of phorid and sciarid flies result into the total crop collapse. Thus, present study was planned (1) to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different insecticides (Trichlorphon, Malathion, Spinosad, Endosulfan, Deltamethrin, Spintoram, Imidacloprid, Diafenthuron and Permethrin) against these flies, (2) to evaluate the potential of six botanical (Neem nut. Neem leaves, Eucalyptus leaves, Nerium indicum leaves, Castor bean leaves and Tobacco leaves), (3) to determine the effectiveness of cultural/physical control (Light traps, Screening mesh, Hygiene and Temperature) and finally, (4) the integration of all these control measures in a compatible manners during three successive years of study. All the treatments were evaluated on the basis of reduction in adult of mushroom flies emergence (RAE), mushroom damage rate (MDR) in percentage and yield in three successive growing periods. Six insecticides viz., Trichlorphon, Malathion, Spinosad, Deltamethrin, Spintoram and Permethrin, out of nine, caused 77.42% to 90% mortality of 3 rd instar larvae of phorid and sciarid fly under lab condition, while 73% to 88% in mushroom houses. Four plant extracts [Neem nut, Neem, Tobacco and Kanair (Nerium indicum)] out of six caused 41% to 72% mortality of 3 rd instar larvae of phorid and sciarid fly under lab conditions, while 40% to 68% in mushroom houses. Pink colour flap light trap trapped maximum average mushroom flies per week (85.50) followed by yellow (57.00), blue (33.95) and white (19.45), respectively. Screening mesh and hygiene proved best reducing adult emergence up 51.18% and 45.79%, respectively. Integration of insecticides with plant extracts proved very effective against mushroom flies (phorid and sciarid). It controled the adult emergence about 90.82 to 92.44% in mushroom house. In the same way, integration of chemical cultural and control controlled mushroom flies up to 91.72% and 93.34% in mushroom houses. While, the integration of plant extracts and cultural methods controlled the phorid and sciarid fly up to 77.57% and 76.51% respectively, in mushroom houses.