میرا جی بطور شاعر
میراجی، جن کا اصل نام محمد ثناء اللہ تھا۔ منشی محمد مہتاب الدین کے ہاں 25 مئی، 1912ء کو لاہور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ پہلے ’’ساحری‘‘ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ لیکن ایک بنگالی لڑکی ’’میرا سین‘‘ کے یک طرفہ عشق میں گرفتار ہو کر ’’میراجی‘‘ تخلص اختیار کر لیا۔ میراجی کی ذات سے ایسے واقعات وابستہ ہیں کہ ان کی ذات عام آدمی کے لیے ایک افسانہ بن کر رہ گئی ہے۔ اْن کا حلیہ اور ان کی حرکات و سکنات ایسی تھیں کہ یوں معلوم ہوتا تھا انہوں نے سلسلہ ملامتیہ میں بیعت کر لی ہے۔ لمبے لمبے بال ،بڑی بڑی مونچھیں، گلے میں مالا، شیروانی پھٹی ہوئی، اوپر نیچے بیک وقت تین پتلونیں، اوپر کی جب میلی ہو گئی تو نیچے کی اوپر اور اوپر کی نیچے بدل جاتی۔ شیروانی کی دونوں جیبوں میں بہت کچھ ہوتا۔ کاغذوں اور بیاضوں کا پلندہ بغل میں دابے بڑی سڑک پر پھرتا تھااور چلتے ہوئے ہمیشہ ناک کی سیدھ میں دیکھتا تھا۔ وہ اپنے گھر اپنے محلے اور اپنی سوسائٹی کے ماحول کو دیکھ دیکھ کر کڑتا تھا اس نے عہد کر رکھا تھا کہ وہ اپنے لیے شعر کہے گا۔ صرف 38 سال کی عمر میں 3 نومبر، 1949ء کو انتقال کرگئے۔ اس مختصر سی عمر میں میراجی کی تصانیف میں ’’مشرق و مغرب کے نغمے‘‘ ’’اس نظم میں ‘‘’’نگار خانہ‘‘’’خیمے کے آس پاس‘‘ شامل ہیں۔ جبکہ میراجی کی نظمیں، گیت ہی گیت، پابند نظمیں اور تین رنگ بھی شاعری کے مجموعے ہیں۔
Since the creation of woman, she faces many problems in her life. Different societies have their own customs and traditions. And woman faces problems regarding them. Pakistani society has its own influence and civilization which causes many problems of women. In these traditions, one of the bad behaviors is, marriage of woman on wrong time i.e. Late marriage or early time marriage. In the result, at least, she faces Problems regarding dowry, Joint family system, Family disintegration, Childlessness, Propensity to violence, Effects of husband remaining alone from wife etc. On the basis of social divisions in Pakistani family system and depiction of woman issues having effects on herself, the significant and their mediation is very necessary, too. Many of these problems has Psychological impacts on woman in her domestic life. In Pakistani society where woman faces domestic and family problems, there economic problems too pester her which include greed for riches and lack of them both pester her psychologically. In this paper, above mentioned problems of women in Pakistani society has been discussed in the light of Islamic teachings.
The work presented in this thesis consists of the synthesis, characterization, and biological screening of heterocyclic compounds. For convenience, the work has been divided into two parts, part one is related to the compounds containing oxygen atom in the heterocyclic ring whereas part two refers to the compounds containing nitrogen and/ or sulphur atoms in the heterocyclic ring. Part one of this thesis is related to the synthesis, characterization and biological activity of some heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen in the ring. These compounds include some naturally and unnaturally occurring substituted isocoumarins and 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins. The synthesis of naturally occurring isocoumarin Thunberginol B is reported, in which 3,5-dimethoxyhomophthalic acid is a key intermediate for the synthesis of Thunberginol B. It was synthesized efficiently in five steps from 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde via a series of reactions including synthesis of 3,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid, 3-(3′,5′- dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid, cyclization of 3-(3′,5′-dimethoxyphenyl)propionic acid to 5,7-dimethoxy-1-indanone and oxidative decomposition of methyl 2- hydroxy-2-(5,7-dimethyoxy-1-oxo-1H-inden-2(3H)-ylidene)acetate dimethoxyhomophthalic acid. 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoylchloride from 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid condensation with to 3,5- was prepared on reaction with thionyl chloride which on 3,5-dimethoxyhomophthalic acid afforded 3-(3'',4''- dimethoxyphenyl)-6,8-dimethoxyisocoumarin. Complete demethylation of 3-(3'',4''- dimethoxyphenyl)-6,8-dimethoxyisocoumarin with hydrobromic acid in acetic acid gave 3-(3'',4''-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,8-dihydroxyisocoumarin (Thunberginol B). In addition to above, some unnaturally occurring halogenated isocoumarins and their 3,4-dihydrodrivatives were also synthesized. The difluorophenyl- and dichlorophenylisocoumarins by condensation of homophthalic acid with an appropriate acid chloride. Alkaline hydrolysis of the isocoumarins yielded corresponding keto-acids, which on reduction give the corresponding racemichydroxy-acids. 3,4-Dihydroisocoumarins were obtained from these racemic hydroxy-acids by cyclodehydration using acetic anhydride. All the synthesised compounds were identified using their IR, 1 H NMR and mass spectral data. In many cases 13 C NMR and elemental analysis data were employed to support the characterization. In each case, a plasible mass fragmentation pattern is suggested. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antifungal, antibacterial, herbicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, anti- metastatic, brine shrimp lethality, antioxidant, anti -inflammatory, antiviral, anti- HIV, anti-HBV and anticancer activities and in some cases, very fascinating results were obtained which were then published in different international journals. These synthetic schemes have tremendous potential for further synthesis of novel biological active compounds. Part two of the thesis describes the synthesis and biological screening of some, hitherto unreported, isatin derivatives (Indolinones), 1,4-disubstituted thiosemicarbazides and their related 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and 4,5- disubstituted-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones. Indolinones were formed by the direct condensation of hydrazides with halogenated isatins. Triazoles were formed by intramolecular dehydrative cyclization of thiosemicarbazides in basic media while thiadiazoles were formed in acidic media, which is an intermediate during the synthesis of various heterocyclic compounds. Thiosemicarbazides were formed by aldol type condensation reaction of acid hydrazides and isothiocyanates. Isothiocyanates were formed by the reaction of anilines with carbon disulphide in ammonium hydroxide solution to yield ammonium dithiocarbamate, an intermediate which on oxidation with lead nitrate yield isothiocyanate. Acid hydrazides were formed by the reaction of esters of carboxylic acid with hydrazine hydrate and esters were formed by refluxing carboxylic acid in methanol in catalytic amount of carboxylic acids. As a result of these synthetic schemes, thirty new indolinones, ten disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazoles and twenty disubstituted 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones were synthesized. The characterization ofthese synthesized compounds was carried out by IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, elemental analysis, Mass spectral data and XRD analysis. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antifungal, antibacterial, herbicidal, insecticidal, fungicidal, plant growth regulatory activity and antiviral activities.