کُتبِ اُصول حدیث اکیسویں صدی میں ؛ایک تعارفی جائزہ An Introductory Review of the Books written on ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth in 2ist Century

Muslims are a unique nation in the world who have shown unparalleled activism in preserving their sayings and relics. Caution was in view from day one. The simple precautionary measures taken in the early days later took the form of theology. In the beginning, the principles and rules of this knowledge did not exist in a disciplined form, although the scholars of Muḥaddithin adhered to the basic principles of this knowledge from the very beginning. However, references to these principles were to be found in the books of the pious. In the 4th Hijri, the scholars of Muhaddithin compiled the previous scattered work on the art of the principle of Ḥadith. Now these comprehensive definitions and terms are before us in a systematic and disciplined form in the books of ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth. In this short essay, the definition and necessity and importance of Hadith and ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth have been highlighted and also an introductory review of books written on ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth th and their authors and authors has been presented. Which indicates this. How strict were the rules and regulations of the Muslim Ummah for examining the authenticity and text of the Holy Hadith and how did they separate the authentic, weak and subject matter of the hadiths and write their separate books? And how hard they have worked to promote art.

Accelerated Biodegradation of Azo Dyes by Bacteria

Faisalabad is known as a city of textiles not only in Pakistan but also all over the world. Several textile processing units are in operation in the surrounding of this city, which are releasing huge quantities of wastewater contaminated with a variety of xenobiotics. Particularly, a substantial amount of azo dyes are released continuously into wastewater streams in the surroundings of these textile units. The discharge of these contaminants is considered a potential threat to environments because of their hazardous nature. Thus, this study was undertaken to isolate bacteria possessing high potential to degrade these azo dyes from the wastewater discharged by the textile units. The wastewater samples collected from the outlets of a number of textile units showed a substantial variation in color intensity, pH and total soluble salts, implying that quality of the wastewater varies with the dyeing processes going on at the time of sampling. A total of 240 bacterial strains were isolated from these wastewater samples, and after screening five most efficient strains were selected for subsequent studies. Out of these five strains, two strains N7 (Klebsiella oxytoca) and N11 (Acinetobacter calcoaceticus) showed an excellent potential to decolorize a variety of textile dyes spiked in the liquid broth, individually as well as in mixtures. These strains also exhibited a great potential to decolorize the dyes belonging to various dye groups (i.e. reactive, direct, and disperse). The optimum conditions determined for the five selected bacterial strains for the decolorization of Reactive Black-5 were pH 7.0, temperature 35 ̊C, static condition and supplementation of the medium with 0.4% yeast extract and the dye, 100 mg L-1. Since industrial wastewater also carries a substantial amount of salts, decolorization potential of N7 and N11 were also investigated in the presence of various levels of NaCl (5-60 g L-1). It was recorded that the strains decolorized the test dyes up to 100% in the presence of low levels of NaCl, and high levels of NaCl (≥ 30 g L-1) had negative impact on the decolorization rate of test dyes. Regression analysis revealed a highly negative linear relationship between the rate of decolorization of test azo dyes [V] and salt concentration [NaCl]. Then these two strains were also tested for removal of dyes from real wastewater collected from various industrial units. Fortunately, these strains showed high effectiveness in removing the textile dyes from the real wastewater samples. The results of these studies clearly document that the isolated bacterial strains have the potential to remove a variety of dyes from the liquid culture in the presence of high salt levels in the real wastewater, which could be used to develop a biotreatment strategy for cleanup of the industrial wastewater prior to their discharge into wastewater streams of the surrounding area.