Pedagogical Innovation in Universities' Teaching

Pedagogical innovation is critical in the twenty-first century, and each university, classroom or educational institution must take this point as an ultimate goal of their educational system. Professors are responsible for preparing students to tackle new challenges, which is why innovative teaching methods have become important for keeping spirit up. This paper sheds light on pedagogical innovation at universities and give a review of its many forms, features, methodologies, and significance in the twenty-first century. It has been found that the types of pedagogical innovation are classified socially and technically. Moreover, the paper asserts that the innovative teaching methods do not consider all students at the same comprehension level according to their different abilities and skills.

Diversity of Soil Inhabiting Mites in Different Ecological Zones of Punjab, Pakistan.

Soil is a very complex ecosystem comprising of interaction of different arthropods including mites. Soil mites are a highly diverse group, having important role in agricultural productivity by increasing the soil fertility through the process of decomposition, mineralization and having good potential for biological control of different pests. They have potential to be used as indicators for soil quality and sustainable agriculture. Previously, no work has been done on the diversity of soil inhabiting mites from Pakistan. The project present in hand with the objectives to study diversity of soil inhabiting mites in different ecological zones of Punjab and to study the impact of different soil parameters and soil disturbance for crop production on the soil mite diversity. For this purpose, ten localities from four different ecological zones of Punjab were selected. Collection of soil samples was done on bimonthly interval for a whole year from these localities from two different types of soils i.e. undisturbed/uncultivated (soil type I) and disturbed/cultivated (soil type II) type of soil. Total 8851 specimens were collected with an average of 24.59 specimens/sample which is low as compared to other part of the world. The Cumulative and locality wise individual based rarefaction curves attained asymptotic level, except in case of soil type II of district Faisalabad and T.T Singh. The Shannon diversity (Hꞌ) value represents that the diversity of soil type I (Hꞌ= 2.71) was high as compared to soil type II (Hꞌ=2.51) throughout the study period. Irrigated plain was more diverse as compared to other zones in both types of soils i.e. soil type I (Hꞌ=2.81) and II (Hꞌ=2.65). In Mesostigmata, soil type I was more diverse (Hꞌ=1.67) as compared to soil type II (Hꞌ=1.26) while, in Oribatida, soil type I was reported more diverse (Hꞌ=1.77) as compared to soil type II (Hꞌ=1.47). In case of richness, soil type I has more rich (16.59) as compared to soil type II (12.01). Similarly, in soil type, I, mean abundance (22.70) was higher as compared to soil type II (11.56) while irrigated plain zone has more mean number of specimens (28.59) in soil type I as compared to soil type II (13.03). Oribatida was the most prominent group with 50% followed by Mesostigmata 38%, Prostigmata 8% and Astigmata 4% individuals. Ten families were reported from Mesostigmata, followed by Oribatida with 9 families, Prostigmata 5 and Astigmata with only one family. The cumulative rank abundance curves for soil type I and soil type II suggested that presence of soil mite families and numbers of individual varies from different localities and time in various months. Week correlation of N and pH were reported with soil mites. Other soil parameters had no impact on the abundance of soil mites. Maximum temperature, rainfall and humidity had weak significant correlation with mites’ abundance.