مضطرؔ نظامی
مضطرؔ نظامی(۱۹۰۹ء ۔۱۹۶۹ئ) کا اصل نام خدا بخش تھا اور مضطرؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ مضطر پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ۱۹۳۴ء میں انھوں نے ادیب فاضل کا امتحان پاس کیا۔ ۱۹۳۷ء میں مضطر نے محکمہ تعلیم میں بطورِ اُستاد ملازمت اختیار کی ۔ (۴۴۷)آپ نے کم عمری میں ہی لکھنا شروع کر دیا۔زمانہ طالب علمی ہی سے ان کا کلام کالج میگزین میں شائع ہونا شروع ہو گیا تھا۔ (۴۴۸) انھوںنے غزل،نظم ،نعت،منظوم مکتوبات،منظوم ترجمہ،مثنوی ،مسدس،قطعہ،رباعی ،مرثیہ ،ڈرامہ ،مضمون اور مقالہ غرضیکہ ادب کی تقریباً تمام اصناف میں طبع آزمائی کی۔ ان کی تصنیف و تالیف مطبوعہ اور غیر مطبوعہ کی تعداد اکیس کتب پر مشتمل ہیں۔ ان میں سے دو پیارے نبیؐ (منظوم) اور دانش کدہ فارسی مطبوعہ ہیں جب کہ باقی تمام غیر مطبوعہ ہیں۔ ان کی تفصیل درج کی جاتی ہے۔
مضطرؔ نے ’’پیارے نبی‘‘ کے عنوان سے آسان ،سادہ اور چھوٹی بحر میں دلکش انداز میں بچوں کے لیے نبی پاکؐ کے مقدس حالات کو منظوم اندازمیں پینتیالیس عنوانات کے تحت قلمبند کیا۔یہ مجموعہ پچھتر صفحات پر مشتمل ہے۔ جو ۱۹۶۴ء کا طبع شدہ ہے۔ ’’نقشِ حیات‘‘ نظم اور غزل پر مشتمل ہے۔ جو ۱۹۶۴ء کا طبع شدہ ہے۔ ’’نقشِ حیات‘‘ نظم اور غزل پر مشتمل مضطرؔ کا دوسرا غیر مطبوعہ مجموعہ کلام ہے۔یہ مسودہ خود نوشت ہے جو ۲۷۳ صفحات پر مشتمل ہے۔ متفرق کلام ( غیر مطبوعہ) مسودہ چھپن نظموں اور سترہ غزلیات پر مشتمل ہے۔ آبِ بقا (غیر مطبوعہ) مضطرؔ کا چوتھا نعتیہ مجموعہ کلام ہے۔ یہ مسودہ ایک سو انتالیس صفحات پر مشتمل ہے۔ جس میں ایک سو ستائیس اردو نعتیں ہیں۔کاروانِ حیات (غیر مطبوعہ) مضطرؔ کا پانچواں منظوم مکتوبات کا مجموعہ کلام ہے۔ یہ مسودہ ایک سو ترانوے صفحات پر مشتمل ہے۔ منظوم مکتوبات پچاس شخصیا ت کو لکھے گئے ہیں ۔ابوالاثر حفیظ جالندھری ،ڈاکٹر سید عبداللہ...
Conjunctivitis is a globally prevalent ocular and/eye infection. The basic motivation of the current study may be traced back to the association of conjunctivitis with unhygienic situations and sunlight exposure. The daily routine of farmers, overwhelming poverty, and illiteracy ratio may have further enhanced the incidence ratio of conjunctivitis. The ocular infection and/or conjunctivitis is caused by various pathogens, if not managed properly and appropriately may lead to corneal perforation or blindness. Objective: The study has been designed to find out the prevalence of various pathogenic and allergic conjunctivitis among farmers in the district Vehari, Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: It was a community-based and cross-sectional descriptive studyfrom October- November 2019. The study involved the quantitative analytical method. Anterior segments of eyes followed by posterior segments were examined by using an ophthalmoscope and torchlight for the diagnosisof conjunctivitis. Data on pathogenic and allergic conjunctiva was collected. Result: Our study indicated that 33(16.5%) farmers were found with the symptoms ascertained with conjunctivitis. Among the studied subjects, 29(14.5%) and 4(2%) farmers were found with bacterial and viral conjunctivitis, respectively. As far as the tendency of seeking medical help and ophthalmic consultation is concerned, 31(15.5%) and 19(9.5%) patients preferred to get examined by an eye specialist and traditional treatment, respectively. However, 150(75%) patients neglected to seek any medical aid. It was found 27 (13.5%), and 55 (27.5%) farmers were using glasses and traditional eye protective measures, respectively. However, almost sixty percent 118(59%) of farmers were not using any type of eye-protective measures. It was found that 59%, 30%, and 11% farmer population was exposed to sunlight for almost six, four, and two hours, respectively on daily basis. Conclusions: The use of prevalent traditional protective measures and lack of treatment or medical aid seeking trendby farmers has been found responsible for the high incidence of bacterial conjunctivitis. Moreover, long working hours and sunlight exposure alongwith the predominant unhygienic conditions may further quadruple the frequency of viral and bacterial conjunctivitis. The high prevalence ratio of conjunctivitis, eye infections, and ocular injuries highlight the need of observing universal eye safety and precautionary measures. Keeping in view the downtrodden economic conditions of the farmers and agriculturalists in the country and the financial repercussions associated with the infection, a state-ownedmedical awareness and relief process must be ensured and encouraged for the Pakistani community.
Environmental mainstreaming requires the systematic integration of environmental concerns into all domains of governance, be they at the central level or sectoral, through assimilation into the decisions of institutions that develop national and local policies as well as into the practices of businesses and the value systems of individuals. To make this possible in traditional systems that have a natural tendency to prioritize development objectives over environmental conservation entails the challenge of institutional and cultural change. During these last five decades, Pakistan has gradually developed an adequate framework of environmental governance in the light of international instruments, but integrating environmental considerations into public policy, decision making, and development planning has still not been fully optimized, thus, leaving governance gaps that need to be identified, analyzed, and filled with proper solutions through environmental mainstreaming. The purpose of this qualitative instrumental case study was to analyze the environmental management framework of Pakistan (policies/laws/institutions) through its evolution till its present state, highlight major gaps in this framework that serve as impediments to the goal of environmental mainstreaming and sustainable development in Pakistan, examine the present performance of this framework using case studies, and then to make recommendations to address the gaps based on the lessons learned. In-person interviews of stakeholders from within the environmental management framework of Pakistan as well as a corpus of books, journal articles, reports, and news events informed this study. This study concludes that despite having covered huge grounds over the last five decades, Pakistan, particularly after the 18th Constitutional Amendment which has taken us a few steps back, must improve its overall environmental governance through the creation of inter-ministerial policies, clarification of roles and responsibilities of environmental institutions at all levels along with an improvement in their capacities, adherence to environmental assessments, and through a more focused and effective political will. This cannot be done only at the governmental-level, and must also be a part of the manifestos of political parties and should be a part of the national curriculum from an early stage if the required cultural change is to take place, and there should be more cohesive coordination with NGOs. A lot needs to be done before the environment can be effectively mainstreamed in Pakistan. With the upcoming CPEC mega project which comprises numerous development projects that can have an adverse effect on the human environment in Pakistan, it is hoped that this study will play its part towards a required cultural change in Pakistan that will enable the Government and the people to pass through this promising phase of intensive development while preserving their environment, so that they can truly enjoy the benefits of development and economic prosperity, rather than rue the negative consequences of aggressively pursuing such goals in an ill-planned and irresponsible manner.