Islamic Approach towards Social Construction: An Analytical Study in the Light of Hazrat Umar Farooq’s (RA) Wisdom and Thought

تعمیرِسماج کا اسلامی منہج : حضرت عمر فاروقؓ کی فکر و بصیرت کی روشنی میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ The modern era is considered as advanced and humanized in terms of materialized advancement only. Today the leading societies of the world have created a self-sufficient religion in the name of humanism and have set standards ignoring Divine guidance. Thus, man has the right to decide the rules and norms of society on his own goodwill. As a result, the breaking of family system, appearance of gay and homosexual relations, etc. Are being considered as legitimate in many countries where religion is no more considered a guiding principle. On the other hand, revealed religions have focus on the development of humanity in terms of both the ethical and materialistic perspectives. Islam as religion has provided a model of such an advancement and social change in history that has proven that Divine guidance is major source for betterment and development of civilization and humanity. This was practically proven in the time of Muslim golden rule in the world. The caliph Umar (R.A) was the man who introduced for the first time, the principles and values, which has changed the Arabs to a civilized and humanized nation. This huge change was made possible in the light of Divine guidance. In this academic article all such norms, values, and principles that were introduced by Sayyīdnā Umar (R.A) which brought a social change in his Era are discussed. Facts have been collected from historic books and presented following the descriptive and analytical method. Although, the information was narrated and scattered in the books, no proper study was introduced where the role of these reforms in the social construction was analyzed. The aim of the study has to investigate the historic facts of social change in the era of the righteous Caliph Sayyidna Umar bin Khattāb and prepare a guideline for the humanity in present era.  

Contribution of Head Teachers’ Motivation Techniques to the Performance of Teachers of Government Secondary Schools of Karachi

Motivation is an integral part of human resource management. Without it, the employees of an organization will not give their excellent performance. The survival of an organization is conditioned by its motivated workforce. The study aimed to examine the contribution of motivation techniques, used by the head teachers in public secondary schools of Karachi, for the better performance of teachers. The study was conducted in two public secondary schools of Karachi, Pakistan through case-study method within the qualitative paradigm. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews of a head teacher and two teachers from each school. Document analysis was also used to further triangulate the data. The findings of the study revealed that HTs used improvement of institutional environment, measures for teachers’ prestige and recognition, career development opportunities, accountability, reward, constructive feedback, incentives in form of professional development opportunities, freedom of expression for expectations, recommendation for promotion, status of prominence by creating teacher leadership structures, encouragement offered and interest shown enhanced the performance of the teachers as motivation techniques. The findings of the study revealed that the motivation techniques used by the head teachers worked to a great extent and resulted in excellent performance of teachers. The effect of motivation techniques was visible in the overall milieu of the school. The motivated behaviour and the body language of the teachers were the evidence of it. Moreover, the findings revealed some factors also that hindered the process of motivation like powerlessness of head teachers, corruption, ineffective use of ACR, and lack of transparency In the light of the above findings the study suggests that motivation techniques may be included in training courses of teachers, a special training course may be arranged for educational managers, administrators and supervisors and measure may be taken to facilitate the promotion of motivation process.