Identification of Factors Contributing to Primary Female Subfertility by Diagnostic Hystero-Laparoscopy: An Experience of Private Hospital

Background: Management of subfertility is influenced by the diagnosis of its causative factor. Combined diagnostic hystero-laparoscopy has emerged as an effective procedure in identifying causative factors of female subfertility. Objectives: This study aimed to identify contributory factors to primary female subfertility by diagnostic hystero-laparoscopy. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Hameed Latif hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from December 2021 to May 2022. Data was collected from 344 women with female primary subfertility, undergoing combined diagnostic hystero-laparascopy. All the demographic data along with identified causative factors (tubal blockade, cervical Os stenosis, endometrial polyp, uterine septum, uterine fibroid, endometriosis, peri tubal adhesions and polycystic ovaries) during the procedure were recorded in predesigned study proforma. Data were analyzed through SPSS software 23. Results: Mean age of the patients was 25±5.0 years and the mean duration of subfertility was 3.8+0.55 years. Two hundred and eighty-four (82.56%) patients had abnormal findings, while sixty (17.44%) had normal findings. Out of 284 patients, 94(34%) had one identified factor, while 190 (66%) patients had two or more identified factors for primary subfertility. Polycystic ovaries were seen in 128(37.21%) patients, followed by tubal blockade in 81(23.54%), peri tubal adhesions/hydrosalpinx in 58(16.86%) patients. Conclusions: Diagnostic hystero-laparoscopy is an effective diagnostic procedure for the evaluation of female factor subfertility and may be helpful to gynecologists in devising further management plans.

Accelerated Degradation of Selected Azo Dyes by Some Microbial Strains

This study involves aerobic decolorization of three reactive azo dyes: REACTIVE ORANGE 16, REACTIVE BRILLIANT RED K2BP AND REACTIVE BLACK B by newly isolated microbial strains. After optimization of reaction conditions bacterial strain B1 gave 73%, 74% and 84% decolorization, Bacterial strain B2 gave 85%, 77% and 78% decolorization while fungal strain gave 90.5%, 94% and 90.4% decolorization of REACTIVE BLACK B, REACTIVE ORANGE 16 and REACTIVE BRILLIANT RED K2BP respectively. No cometabolic role of any organic substrate was found. Color removal rates went on decreasing by addition of heavy metals. Cobalt and Nickel showed greater inhibitions on % decoloristion than zinc copper and iron there was about 50% color reduction by adding 6mg ml -1 of all heavy metals. Hydroquinone was proved to be a good redox mediator enhancing decolorization rate but only at lower concentrations. Biodegradation analysis was monitored by UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY, HPTLC and GC/MS. None of the formed dye metabolite was from carcinogenic, toxic banned amines.