القاضي عياض: حياته وآرائه في علم الحديث

ABSTRACT: Qazi Ayaz was one of the great scholars in the Knowledge of Hadith. He enjoys a unique status in his memory, narration and understanding of Hadith. He has vast knowledge of chains of Hadith, its transmitters, and their biographies. For acquiring this high position he always travelled to get the Hadith from its well-known experts, and used utmost care in getting the authentic chains of transmitters, so much so that he is considered an authority among the great scholars ofHadith. The methodology of Ayaz in the science of the transmission of Hadith is based upon research, accuracy and authentication ofthe text. He considers the science of transmission and narration. The origin and essence in authenticating the Hadith. He was strict in the criticism of the text of Hadith and emphasized on the narration of the Prophet’s words instead of allowing the narration of the meanings, unlike the other scholars of Hadith. Hence he held some special views, due to his long experience in Hadith. Some of his views are about: The comparison with the original hearing. The appropriate age while transmitting Hadith toothers. The omitting ofrepeated words in Hadith. The usage of the marks of dialect in the text ofHadith. The permission in narration ofthose Hadith about which he himselfdoes not have permission

Perissodactyla Mammalia from the Middle Siwaliks of Potwar Plateau, Pakistan

The research work reports perissodactyl fossils from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene Siwalik localities of northern Pakistan. The localities are located in three districts of northern Pakistan, namely Attock, Jhelum and Chakwal. The studied sites Jogi Maira, Kaulial Kas and Dhok Mila are situated in the Attock district; the sites Bhandar, Dhok Gojri and Hasnot are in the Jhelum district and the sites Naragghi, Dhok Pathan and Sethi-Nagri are in the Chakwal district. The outcrops range Nagri to Dhok Pathan Formations of the Middle Siwalik Subgroup. More than 175 perissodactyl samples were recovered. The recovered fossil material comprises the maxillary and mandible fragments, isolated lower and upper incisors, deciduous and permanent premolars and molars. The comparative morphometric features of the newly collected material indicate a diverse presence of perissodactyls in the Middle Siwalik Subgroup of Pakistan. The identified perissodactyl taxa include six species of hipparionines (Equidae), Hipparion sp. small, Cormohipparion sp., Sivalhippus anwari, Sivalhippus cf. nagriensis, Sivalhippus perimensis and Sivalhippus theobaldi; two species of family Rhinocerotidae, Chilotheriumcf. intermedium and Alicornops sp., and one species of family Chalicotheriidae, Anisodon sp. The newly recovered specimens of Sivalhippus anwari provides additional details about the morphometric features of this species. Sivalhippustheobaldi represents predominance among the Siwalik hipparionines. The recovered faunal list is compared with the perissodactyls of the Siwalik Group as well as with the Eurasian localities of the same age. The bivariate analysis indicates the intraspecies size variations. The Siwalik perissodactyls show adaptive as well as taxonomic diversity. Mesowear-I analysis shows low occlusal relief and rounded cusps of Sivalhippus nagriensis and S. anwari whereas other Siwalik hipparionine species show high occlusal relief and sharp cusps. The perissodactyls provide evidence of savannah to woodland habitats during the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of the subcontinent. Such inhabiting areas of the Siwalik were also enriched by the different pouches of the moist and damp areas of forests.