مولانا عنایت اﷲ صاحب دہلوی مرحوم
گزشتہ اکتوبر کو علمی جماعت کے پرانے ممتاز رکن مولوی عنایت اﷲ صاحب دہلوی مرحوم سابق ناظم دارالترجمہ حیدرآباد دکن نے انتقال کیا، مرحوم علی گڑھ کالج کے دور اول کے ممتاز تعلیم یافتہ تھے، علم و ادب کا مذاق اپنے نامور باپ مولوی ذکاء اﷲ صاحب دھلوی سے ورثہ میں پایا تھا، طالب علمی ہی کے زمانہ سے ان کے یہ جوہر نمایاں تھے، سرسید کے بہت سے علمی اور ترجمہ وغیرہ کے کام وہی انجام دیتے تھے، اس دور کے ان کے بعض تراجم اب تک یادگار ہیں، ان میں سب سے اہم پروفیسر آرنلڈ کی مشہور کتاب ’’پریچنگ آف اسلام‘‘ کا ترجمہ ’’دعوتِ اسلام‘‘ ہے، تعلیم سے فراغت کے بعد ۱۸۹۳ء میں وہ کالج لائبریری کے لائبریرین مقرر ہوئے، کچھ دونوں تک ریاضی کی پروفیسری کی۔ اعزازی خدمت اور تہذیب الاخلاق کی ادارت کے فرائض انجام دیئے، ۱۹۰۰ء میں گورنمنٹ کے سلسلۂ ملازمت میں داخل ہوئے اور جونپور کی عدالت ججی میں منصرم مقرر ہوئے، ۱۹۱۵ء میں ریاست گوالیار نے گورنمنٹ سے ان کی خدمت مستعار لے کر اپنے شعبہ فنانس کا انڈر سکریٹری بنایا۔ دوران ملازمت میں ترجمہ کا مشعلہ برابر جاری رہا اور اس میں ان کو اتنی شہرت حاصل ہوگئی کہ جامعہ عثمانیہ کے قیام کے سلسلہ میں حیدرآباد میں جب دارالترجمہ کا قیام عمل میں آیا، تو گورنمنٹ نظام نے ان کو حیدرآباد میں منتقل کراکے ۱۹۲۰ء میں ان کو دارالترجمہ کا ناظم مقرر کیا، ۱۴ سال تک بڑی قابلیت کے ساتھ اس خدمت کو انجام دیتے رہے، ۱۹۳۴ء میں اس سے سبکدوشی حاصل کرکے دہرہ دون کی پر سکون فضا میں قیام اختیار کیا اور یہیں ۲۲؍ اکتوبر ۱۹۴۳ء کو وفات پائی۔
مرحوم کا خاص کمال ترجمہ کی مہارت تھی، اس میں ان کو ایسا ملکہ حاصل تھا کہ غیر زبانوں کی کتابوں...
Confucius was born on September 28, 551BC. He was a teacher, writer, politician, philosopher and ideologue of the ancient China. The philosophy of Confucius emphasizes personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. He championed strong family loyalty and ancestor worship. He also recommended family as a basis for an ideal government. His thoughts received official sanction and were further developed into a system known as Confucianism. Confucius' principles found the basis of the common Chinese traditions, beliefs and culture. Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, but the arguments continue over whether it is a religion or not. The opponents argue that its values are secular, therefore, it is not a religion, while its supporters argue that despite the secular nature of Confucianism, it is based on a worldview that is religious, and, thus, can rightly be called a religion. Confucianism discusses elements of the afterlife and views concerning Heaven, but it is relatively unconcerned with some transcendental matters, often considered essential to a religious thought. This article provides an outlook of the Confucianism regarding the universe and the humanity and its comparison with the Islamic viewpoint of the same.
Piezoceramic/polymer composites with 1-3 connectivity are the most extensively studied and utilized for different applications among existing 10 types of diphasic composites. This type of composite consists of individual piezoceramic rods or fibers aligned in the direction parallel to poling and embedded in a polymer matrix. The piezoceramic fiber or rods play an active role for energy conversion between the mechanical and electrical energy, while the polymer phase acts as a passive medium and transfers the mechanical energy between the piezoelectric ceramic and surrounding with which the composite interacts. These composites are widely used in underwater hydrophone applications, ultrasound actuators and sensors in medical diagnostic devices. In this study, piezoceramics modified compositions; Pb/Co doped barium titanate (Ba0.95Pb0.05)(Ti0.99Co0.01)O3 (BT-PC) and Sr doped lead zirconate titanate (Pb0.94Sr0.04)(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT-S) were synthesized through solid state reaction method. Self-synthesized BT-PC powder has particle size ~0.4μm and after sintering and poling its key properties were; εr= 1100, d33= 136pC/N, g33= 14×10-3 Vm/N, kt=31%, and tanδ= 0.005. Likewise, the basic properties of the PZT-S were; εr= 1327, d33= 335pC/N, g33= 29×10-3 Vm/N, kt=45%, and tanδ= 0.030. Beside these, a novel Pbfree potassium sodium niobate (KNN) based optimized composition 0.9475(Li0.02(Na0.53K0.48)0.98)(Nb0.80Ta0.20)O5-0.0525AgSbO3-0.5wt.%MnO2, (LKNNT -AS-M) with electrical properties; εr= 1927, d33= 287pC/N, g33= 17×10-3 Vm/N, kt=38%, and tanδ= 0.038 was also used as an active phase. Monothane-A70, araldite- F, and Epo-Tek 301 were used as a passive polymer matrix in this work. Three different techniques named as; a novel die-pressing technique, modified align-and-fill, and improved dice-and-fill technique were used for the fabrication of 1-3 composites. Several series of the composites including; BT-PC/monothane-A70, PZT-S/monothane-A70, PZT-S/araldite-F, and LKNNT-AS-M/Epo-Tek 301 with varying piezoceramics rods diameter, spacing between the rods and aspect ratio were developed. The composites developed through die-pressing and align-and-fill techniques possess piezoceramics rods diameter ~1.20mm and ~0.78mm respectively with ceramics contents 11-35 vol. %. However, with dice-and-fill process the LKNNTxiv AS-M ceramic pillars cross-sectional dimensions were 50´50μm with relatively high aspect ratio up to 11. In addition, an underwater transducer with sample changing options was developed indigenously. Disc shape samples of monolithic piezoceramic and 1-3 composite were assembled in the self-designed transducer individually. Transducer’s underwater voltage receiving sensitivity (Sh) and transmitting voltage response (Sv) were investigated in the frequency range 10-200 kHz using a calibrated projector method with pulse technique Developed 1-3 composites were passed through comprehensive microstructural, dielectric, elastic and resonance investigations. Results revealed that all the fabricated 1-3 composites possess clear thickness resonance modes without any mode coupling. The BT-PC/monothane-A70 composites exhibited thickness coupling factor kt (~44%), figure of merit FOM (up to 7169fm2/N), acoustic impedance Z (8-13Mrayl) and elastic stiffness C33 D (36-65GPa). The PZT-S based composites exhibited superior properties due to high piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33~335 pC/N) and high electromechanical coupling coefficient (k33~67%) of PZT-S compared to BT-PC piezoceramic. In addition, low stiffness (C33 D ~ 21-55 GPa) PZT-S/monothane-A70 composites have better acoustic impedance (Z ~ 6-14 Mrayl), high charge coefficient (d33~202-271 pC/N), high hydrostatic charge and voltage coefficients (dh ~ 136-171 pC/N, gh ~ 33- 114×10-3 Vm/N) and high figure of merit (FOM ~ 4488-19364 fm2/N) compared to the PZT-S/araldite-F composites encompassing high stiffness (C33 D ~ 23-60 GPa). The Pb-free LKNNT-AS-M/Epo-Tek 301 composites also exhibited the enhanced properties such as higher thickness factor kt ~63-67%, lower planar factor kp ~27-34%, higher kt/kp ratio ~2.3, low electrical (tanδ ~0.027) and mechanical (Qm ~9) losses, encouraging acoustic impedance Z ~4.2-7.8Mrayl and ~5 times higher voltage coefficient g33 compared to LKNNT-AS-M piezoceramic. Likewise, the underwater results revealed that the transducer with 1-3 PZT-S/araldite-F sample exhibited better voltage receiving sensitivity Sh (-214dB ref 1V/μPa) due to its ~295% higher piezoelectric voltage coefficient gh (30´10-3Vm/N) compared to PZT-S. The above mentioned promising results of the developed composites indicate that they have the potential to be used as active elements in high performance ultrasonic transducers.