THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION

The title of this research is Theoretical Debate over the Philosophical Roots of Contemporary Education and Its Implications for the Development of Islamic Education. The purpose is to disentangle, to explore and to discuss the foundations of theoretical roots of educational philosophy and its relational consequences with Islamic education. The issues raised are: 1). How is the philosophical foundation of education and its relationship to philosophy and education? 2). What are the Philosophical Roots of Educational Theory and Its Implications for Curriculum, Teaching and Learning? 3). What are the implications for the development of Islamic education? The type of research is Library Research which uses philosophical and pedagogical approach, with descriptive method. The findings of this study are: a) the study of the key philosophical ideas that influence thought and development of education are aspects of metaphysics, epistemology and axiology. Without these three philosophical foundations, science and its various disciplines will fail; b) the relationship between philosophy and education are like two sides of one coin that cannot be separated, both give and take in the context of mutualism. So the existence of philosophy in education is a necessity; c) The theoretical debate over the roots of the philosophy of education requires the development of Islamic education.

Enhancing the Yield Potential of Rice Oryza Sativa L. Through Different Agronomic Techniques under the Agro-Climatic Conditions of Dera Ismail Khan-Pakistan

A research project was initiated at Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, and NWFP, PAKISTAN during 2004 - 2005; comprising of four experiments, laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split-plots arrangements with four replications. 1 st experiment was “Effect of Phosphorus Levels and Irrigation Regimes on the Yield and Yield Components of Transplanted Coarse Rice” in which five P 2 O 5 levels were kept in main plots while the four irrigation regimes were kept in sub- plots. The sub-plot size was 5 X 3 m 2 . The 2nd trial pertaining to “Effect of Plant Growth Regulator (NAA) Levels and Irrigation Regimes on the Yield and Yield Components of Transplanted Coarse Rice” was also laid out in RCBD with split plot arrangement, keeping four levels of NAA plant growth regulator in main plots while the four irrigation regimes were kept in sub-plots. Third experiment was on “Effect of Phosphorus and Plant Growth Regulator (NAA) Levels on the Yield and Yield Components of Transplanted Coarse Rice” having four levels of NAA plant growth regulator in main plots and in sub plots five P 2 O 5 levels maintained. In forth experiment “Effect of Plant Growth Regulator (NAA) Levels at Different Growth Stages of Transplanted Coarse Rice” the growth stages of rice of crop were kept in main plots and four levels of (NAA) plant growth regulator were kept in sub plots. Well-adapted coarse rice variety IR-6 was used in the research project. Thirty- five days old rice nursery was used in the all experiments. Data were recorded on various growth and yield parameters like plant height (cm), productive tillers m -2 , unproductive tillers m -2 , panicles m -2 , spikelets panicle -1 , sterility and normal kernels percentage, 1000-grain weight (g), paddy yield (t ha-1), straw yield (t ha-1) and harvest index. In experiment 1, the combination P 3 I 2 (150 kg ha -1 P 2 O 5 with 10 irrigations containing 750 mm water (distributed in 10 irrigations)), proved the best combination for getting maximum paddy yield. In experiment 2, it was determined that xiiisignificantly higher (8.50 and 8.60 t ha -1 ) paddy yield was recorded in the plots treated with G 2 I 2 (90 ml ha -1 level of plant growth regulator and 10 irrigations) during 2004 and 2005, respectively and the lowest paddy yield was recorded in treatment G 0 I 1 (without plant growth regulator level with 8 irrigations) with the values of 3.60 and 3.75 t ha -1 during 1 st and 2 nd year, respectively. While in experiment 3, it was observed that the treatment G 2 P 2 (90 ml ha -1 plant growth regulators level with 100 kg ha -1 phosphatic fertilizer was on top with maximum paddy yield (8.70 and 8.90 t ha-1) during 2004 and 2005, respectively. In forth experiment it was found that paddy yield of the treatment S2G2 (panicle initiation stage with plant growth regulator level of 90 ml ha -1 ) produced maximum paddy yield of (9.00 and 9.20 t ha - 1 ) during both the years of study. On the basis of research findings, it is concluded that for getting maximum yield of paddy under agro climatic conditions of Dera Ismail Khan the farmer should apply 750 mm water, 90 ml plant growth regulator (NAA) on panicle initiation stage. However while applying the plant growth regulator the farmer can reduce the P 2 O 5 dose up to 100 kg ha -1 instead of 150 kg ha -1 and vice versa.