موضوع2:تدوین کی اہمیت
تدوین کی اہمیت:
ماضی کے افکار وخیالات سے آگاہی کا اہم ترین ذریعہ اسلاف کی تحریریں ہیں۔جس طرح ان کے نظریات سے آگاہی ہمیں ماضی، حال اور مستقبل کے رشتوں سے جوڑتی ہے۔اسی طرح ان کے نظریات سے درست آگاہی بھی ہمارے فکری زاویوں کو متوازن اور مربوط رکھنے میں مددگار ثابت ہوتی ہے۔ہم ماضی کے حالات و واقعات سے سبق حاصل کرتے ہیں۔حال میں ان سے کام لیتے ہیں اور مستقبل کے لیے لائحہ عمل وضع کرتے ہیں۔
متن کے حقیقی متن ہونے کا یقین:
جب تک ہمیں یقین نا ہوکہ ہمارے پیش نطر یا زیر مطالعہ کتاب یا تحریر من و عن ہمارے مصنف کے الفاظ اور جملوں پر مشتمل ہے ہم وثوق سے نہیں کہہ سکتے کہ مذکورہ مصنف کے خیالات یا رائے مسئلہ زیربحث کے بارے میں کیا تھی۔
تسکین ذوق:
ہم بسا اوقات ماضی کے طرز املاء کو جانچنا چاہ رہے ہوتے ہیں لیکن جب تک ہمیں پوری طرح یقین نا ہوجائے کہ یہی طرز املا ہے جو اس زمانے میں مروج تھی ہمارے ذوق کو تسکین نہیں ہوتی۔گویا تدوینی کام ذوق تسکین کا بھی باعث ہے۔
اصول تدوین کی پاسداری:
اگر تدوین میں اصول تدوین سے کام نا لیا جائے تو مختلف نسخوں میں سے جو نسخہ ہاتھ لگ جائے وہ اس کے مندرجات کو نقل کرتا رہے گا۔ اس بات کو مدنظر نہیں رکھا گا کہ مندرجات کا تعلق مصنف سے ہے یا کاتب سے ہے۔یوں منشائے مصنف ہم سے اوجھل ہو جائے گا۔
اقتباس کا مستند ہونا:
مستند نسخے کو ماخذ بنائے بغیر کسی اقتباس کواعتماد کے ساتھ پیش نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔اگر اقتباس کا تعلق مستند نسخے سے نا ہو گا تو غیر مستند اقتباس سے مستند نتائج اخذ کرنا محال ہوگا۔
مادی فوائد:
مادیت کے اس دور میں تحقیق وتدوین جیسے خالصتا علمی اور...
This study aims to analyze the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Employee Performance through Work Stress at the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, East Java I. This research method is an explanatory research, the analysis unit in this study is employees who work in the Directorate General of Customs and Excise Office. East Java I region, which consists of 80 structural officials, 79 functional officials and 1323 executive staff. The method of collecting research data using a questionnaire. The results showed that organizational culture affects the work stress of employees at the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, East Java I, this shows that organizational culture is able to increase the work stress of employees of the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, East Java. Organizational culture influences the performance of the employees of the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, East Java I, this shows that with a good and appropriate organizational culture, it is able to increase the performance of the employees of the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, East Java I. New organizational culture that also improves Employee stress, namely the imposition of input into daily work activity reports by employees in the daily logbook through an internet-based application with details on the types of activities, time norms, achievement targets and employee daily problems for all levels of employees, both structural, functional and executive.
Pakistan is a signatory to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. According to this convention, it is an obligation for all member states to adopt measures for discouraging the presence of birds, on or in the vicinity of airport, that constitute hazard to aircraft operations. Bird population is an increasing threat to aircraft safety in most of the airports in Pakistan. Present study was carried out at Islamabad International Airport now called Benazir Bhutto International Airport (BBIA) to identify potentially hazardous bird species, their habitat and to evaluate management techniques at this airport. Kites (Milvus migrans) were found to be the main hazardous species present in the vicinity of the airport. Results of habitat survey suggested that the airport is situated in a landscape area rich in bird attractants. Three main water bodies Korang, Lai and Soan surround the airfield. Commercial areas, public parks, sports grounds, open garbage dumps and landfill sites present in the vicinity, provide ample feeding, nesting and roosting sites to potentially hazardous birds. In total 34 bird species and 63 plant species were recorded during this survey. Analysis of past bird strike record revealed that annual average number of bird strikes at BBIA during (2005-2012) was 26.62 ± 2.11 (S.E). In 57 percent of strikes records of BBIA (Civil Aviation Authority), bird species remained unidentified. However, of 43 percent of strikes with known bird type, birds of prey, mainly kite and eagle, were involved in 72 percent of the strikes. Kites were involved in 59 percent of all identified strikes. Analysis of damage by parts aircraft, suggested that engine damage was the cause of 92 percent of the accidents. Windshields were involved in 8 percent cases. Type of xxiv aircraft involved in collision with birds explored that A-310 accounted for 36 percent, B-373 for 19 percent, B-777 and ATR 10 percent each, B-747 for 5 percent, A-300, A-319, A-320, A-321 and A-332 two percent each. Seasonal variation in bird strikes was also envisaged. The results showed statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) between numbers of bird strikes occurring in all five seasons. Maximum strikes were recorded during fall (September-October), then in monsoon (July-August) followed by summer (May-June) and spring (Mar- Apr) and least during winter (November- February). Relationship between meteorological and bird strike data suggested that there was a significantly positive correlation between bird strikes and maximum temperature (r = 0.452, P < 0.01), minimum temperature (r = 0.422, P < 0.01), and rainfall (r = 0.242, P < 0.01). Positive regression coefficient (0.46) also indicated an increasing trend in bird strikes at Benazir Bhutto International Airport Islamabad. Eight study sites were selected for habitat survey, each representing a unique habitat supporting bird species. These sites were ranked by using Habitat Composite Index (HCI).Naturally preserved recreational area (Ayub Park) showed highest rank (9.7) for the presence of bird attraction sites, followed by commercial habitats (6) and then habitat near water body (5.6). Mean number of kites in all study sites was 24.2 ± 48.26 (S.E) and mean kite density was 0.003083. Highest number of kites was observed in the month of May followed by June then in September and August. Significant difference in number kite count (p < 0.05) was observed in all five seasons. Hourly distribution pattern of kite movement peaked at 1430-1500 till 1700. Airport authorities are practicing some management techniques to control bird at this airport. Shooting data revealed that number of mean monthly cartridges xxv fired during three year period, were 775 ± 72 (S.E) mean monthly birds shot recorded 298 ± 57(S.E). Mean monthly animals (stray dogs) killed were 26 ± 3 (S.E). Mean success rate of cartridges fired was 42 percent. Non-significant difference (p > 0.05) in bird shot was found between all five seasons. Mean monthly cost on cartridges used was Pak Rs. 27,125 (279 US $). Cost per animal (stray dogs) or bird killed was Pak Rs. 84 (0.86 US$). Annual cost on cartridges was Pak Rs. 325,383 ± 1485 (S.E) (3,579 ± 73 US$). The purpose of this study was to document birds’ prevalence, hazards and evaluation of management techniques at Islamabad International Airport. It is unlikely that the airport authorities would be able to manage bird free zone at their airport. The surrounding area of this airfield is highly conducive for birds’ activities and support potentially hazardous species. Large open garbage dumps in the surroundings of the airport should be removed with a view to reducing kites. It is important for the authorities to maintain correct bird strike record and to identify species correctly so that species’ behavior oriented control methods may be implemented. Moreover, habitat indexing showed difference in bird densities at each study site. On the basis of these indexing areas of high bird activity could be identified and management efforts could be focused in these areas. International and national rules and regulations must be followed strictly to ensure public safety.