فقہ اسلامی میں مقاصد شریعت کے مدارج

Al-Maqasid (the purposes) is a guide to Islam written by Imam Shatibi in his book "Al-Mowafaq'at". It covers purposes of Islamic faith, Zakat, pilgrimage etc. Maqasid al-Shari’ah is a system of values that could contribute to a desired and sound application of the Shari’ah. ” This concept has been employed as a legal hermeneutical tool in pre-modern Islamic law at least since 3 H. D. It is based on the idea that Islamic law is purposive in nature, that is, to mean that the law serves particular purposes (e. G, promoting people’s benefit and welfare and protecting them from harm) that are either explicitly present in or can be derived from the fountainheads of the sources of Islamic law, namely, the Quran & the Sunnah. Maqasid al-Sharia is also an umbrella term that includes many other concepts that have been closely linked to it in the premodern Islamic tradition, most notably the idea of public interests and unrestricted interests (al-Masalih al-Mursala), as well as other principles such as istihsan (juridical preference), istis’hab (presumption of continuity), and avoidance of mischief (all of which are considered to be directives in accordance with Allah’s will). Spiritual Principles include: the free right and duty to be aware of and to worship Allah and to search for ultimate truth and justice; the duty to respect the human person, known as the natural principle of personalism; the duty to respect the coherent order of all creation, i. E. Ecology and environment; and the duty to respect human community based on the sacredness of each of its members.

A Comparativestudy of Job Satisfactionof Female Teachers Working in Boys and Girls Government Elementary Schools

The main purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the level of job satisfaction of female teachers working in government elementary schools of boys? and girls? regarding working conditions, school environment, and interpersonal relations. The research study was conducted to find out the reasons of transfer of female teachers from boys? schools to girls? elementary schools. The research study was delimited to government elementary schools of District Sialkot. The study was descriptive in nature. The simple random technique was used to select respondents. A survey questionnaire was developed and used to collect data. The research instrument was duly validated through expert opinions and the reliability was established through a pilot study on a small sample in four schools of Daska. A sample comprising on 335 female teachers, 165 from boys? schools and 170 from girls? elementary schools was selected for this study. After collection of data through questionnaire, it was analyzed using mean, standard deviation and t-test. Female teachers? level of job satisfaction was found high in girls ?elementary schools regarding school environment, environmental facilities and interpersonal relations with peers. Female teachers working in opposite gender schools were dissatisfied regarding rights of casual leave and workload. It is suggested that female teachers may be shifted from boys? schools to girls? by seeking their will, so that they may work with satisfaction. School Leadership development training may be launched