اسلامی معیشت اور امداد باہمی کا تصور

Islam is the only religion which is complete code of life. The needs of human beings have been felt and addressed properly. In spite of created by only one creator humans are different in their potentials, behavior and attitude. Owing to this difference, the incomes of people are drastically different from each other. As a result, a few people are rich and well off whereas some are poor- being up to sustenance level. Therefore, people cooperate with each other to eliminate the class differences of social strata. In this perspective, Islam has given an invulnerable perfect socio-economic system. For mutual cooperation, Islam has also addressed the issue and suggested different steps such as madharabah, partnership and tenancy. Bedsides Islam has also focused on secondary resources of mutual cooperation and support that are typically related to the personal concern. It includes: sacrifice, gift, free lending and Qarz-e- Hasanah etc. It also reflects that the man gives precedence to congregational matters over his individuality which is an ample example of mutual cooperation. In fact, mutual cooperation is one of those key factors on which the edifice of prosperous society is built. All religions and ideologies have focused and emphasized on the mutual cooperation; however, Islam lays extra emphasis to build a strong and thriving human state.

Etiology and Management of Sudden Decline Disease of Date Plam Phoenix Dactylifera L in Pakistan

Survey of seventeen date palm orchards of Khairpur, Pakistan was conducted to estimate the incidence of date palm sudden decline disease (SDD). Results revealed that the maximum disease incidence was recorded at the villages of Noor Pur (50.17%) followed by Baberloi (35.58%), Ahmed Pur (32.47%), Kot Mir Mohammad (20.27%), Machyoon (13.51%), Garhi Mori (11.01%) as compared to other orchards and incidence was significantly decreased at Nizamani (0.25%). Six fungi namely, Fusarium solani, Phoma ucladium, Alternaria alternata, Aspergilus niger and Penicillium chrysogenium were isolated from infected roots of date palm. Fusarium solani was isolated predominantly from infected roots followed by Phoma ucladium and Alternaria alternate. This is the first record of Fusarium solani from Pakistan and its association with decline of date palm in Sindh, Pakistan. To confirm the etiology of date palm decline disease the pathogenicity tests on date palm seedlings were carried out on most commercial growing date palm varieties like Aseel, Fasli and Karbalian by three different methods. The inoculations of Fusarium solani alone or with Phoma ucladium or Helminthosporium sativum to confirm the pathogenic nature of Fusarium solani which not only greatly reduced the plant growth but also caused significant plant mortality and disease severity. In order to find out the effective chemical control of date palm sudden decline disease, the efficacy of six different fungicides was tested against Fusarium solani under In vitro and field conditions (in laboratory experiment). The Bavistin D.F showed complete suppression of Fusarium solani followed by Topsin-M, Alliette and Ridomil gold at 150 ppm concentration followed by 100 ppm and 50 ppm. The field experiment was conducted on the basis of the results obtained from in vitro management test of fungicides. The systemic fungicides were used as soil drench and contact fungicides were used as foliar spray for the control of sudden decline disease (SDD) of date palm under field conditions. The disease severity was recorded before the first spray and percent decrease in disease incidence was obtained after the completion of three sprays. The Bavistin D.F proved to be the highly effective fungicide also under field conditions. The maximum percent decreasing disease was recorded at first (45.4), second (72) and third spray (97.1) of Bavistin D.F followed by Topsin-M, Alliette, Ridomil, Mancozeb and Copper oxychloride, in control plants the disease was increased with increase in time. The complete disappearance of typical symptoms of the disease were noted in the trees treated with fungicides and same trees gave fruit in next season.