قانون ٹارٹ كا فقہ اسلامى كى روشنى میں جائزہ

Tort law is an umbrella term for  laws  which cover issues of civil wrongs like defamation, trespassing and the other actions involving  violation of law. In case a person has undergone a physical, legal or any economic harm then he can file a suit under the tort law. Torts are civil wrongs recognized by law as grounds for a lawsuit. It is also generally known that tort in Islamic fiqh as “Jinayet”. This paper attempts to analys  by Islamic law in thel light of the  relevant verses for the Qur’an followed by the rules stated in traditions from the Prophet (Peace by on him). Jinayat the part of Shari’a that applies to homicide or physical  injury is called jinayat and is based on the pre-Islamic rules of Arab blood feud, as modified by Prophet (Peace be on him). The punishment is either retaliation or blood money (diyat). Retaliation occurs only upon  the request of the victim, if alive, or his nearest kin if the victim is dead, and is to be inflicted by victim or kin. In the case of homicide retaliation means death, in the case of injury it means imposing an identical injury. Where retaliation is one of the options, the victim or his closest kinsman may demand blood money instead, or negotiate an out of court settlement. Jinayat, like modern tort law, is based on private action; there is no official responsible for initiating the case.

Electromagnetic Wave Scattering from Strip in the Presence of Chiral Medium Using Kobayashi Potential Method

In this study, scattering of electromagnetic plane wave from an impedance strip located at an infinitely extended planar interface has been presented. One half space of the geometry is occupied by free space medium whereas other half space is that of the chiral medium. Assuming that chiral medium is lossless, reciprocal, homogeneous and thickness of the strip is negligibly small, Kobayashi potential method has been used as method for analysis. In order to develop good understanding of the Kobayashi potential method when applied for study of scattering in the presence of chiral medium, simple situations are first considered. As analysis of scattering in an unbounded medium is simpler than that in the presence of interface and perfect electric conducting surface is considered a special case of impedance surface. So, a perfect electric conducting strip placed in an unbounded chiral medium is treated first followed by an impedance strip in unbounded chiral medium. Finally, scattering from perfect electric conducting strip and impedance strip at the planar interface of free space and chiral mediums is investigated. In the problem formulation generic form of scattered fields which satisfy two dimensional Helmholtz ‟ s equation with unknown weighting functions is considered. To satisfy a set of boundary and edge conditions properties of Weber-Schafheitlin integral are applied. In this step, unknown weighting functions are also written in terms of unknown expansion coefficients which are determined by applying the remaining boundary conditions and orthogonal properties of the Jacobi polynomials. Far zone scattered fields are determined by applying the Saddle point method of integration. For different parameters of interests, the monostatic and bistatic scattering widths have been analyzed numerically. The convergence of solution corresponding to the number of expansion coefficients is also examined numerically.