The Issue of Human Cloning: A Review in Semitic Religions’ Context

Human cloning has emerged as a new and innovative technology in the reproductive and therapeutic science in the recent past. So far it has not been practiced over human beings but owing to its huge potential and possible scope, it has attracted the attention of not only the masses (particularly the infertile couples and LGBTQs etc) but the other stakeholders including the religious scholars from worlds’ prominent religions have given their views on this technology in order to guide their followers. This paper examines and reviews the religious points of view on human cloning. For this purpose, three Semitic religions in the world i-e Judaism, Christianity, and Islām have been examined. As far as Islam is concerned, this portion has been divided into two broad sections elaborating the Shī‘ah and Sunnī schools’ opinions. Being an innovative topic, the religious teachings do not address it directly hence the injunctions related to the reproduction are most relevant to it. Three Semitic religions have been examined from the perspective of admissibility or non-admissibility of human cloning, the rationale behind the verdict on human cloning and the possible solutions to the issues and problems faced by the followers in the case of acceptance or rejection of this biomedical technology. Most of the religions emphasize over adaptability of the natural mode of reproduction only, where male and female genders contribute to the reproductive cycle. The Semitic religions reject the reproductive cloning generally. The religious experts need to conduct more focused and updated research before coming to any conclusion about the permissibility or non-permissibility of this technique.

The Study of Nanofluid Flows and its Mathematical Analysis With Applications

This thesis is regarding the development of mathematical flow models and analytical techniques for Newtonian and nan-Newtonian nanofluids containing different nanoparticles on stretching sheets and thin film flows on stretching cylinder and starching disc. For stretching sheet, a mathematical model of MHD three-dimension rotating flow of nanofluids is analyzed. SWCNTs are utilized as nano-sized materials while water is used as a based fluid. In this study the heat exchange phenomena deliberated subject to thermal radiation, Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Now for horizontal stretching cylinder, a mathematical formulation of thin film of 2 3 2 Al O H O g − and 2 3 2 6 2 Al O C H O g − nanoliquids is considered. The effect of effective Prandtl number, viscosity and thermal conductivity is discussed. For a starching disc of same problem, an unsteady thin film flow of 2 3 2 Al O H O g − and 2 3 2 6 2 Al O C H O g − nanoliquids is developed. Similarly, another problem of Darcy Forchheimer 2D thin film flow of nanofluids through unsteady stretchable sheets is developed. In this analysis water base SWCNTs are accounted as a nanoparticle. The transformation of nonlinear PDEs arising in these problems into strong ODEs is formed through appropriate variables. HAM techniques have been proposed to solve these problems while the solution of problem three are carried out by using OHAM scheme. In addition, in all these problems the effect of some model flow parameters on velocity and heat are calculated and studied through graphs. The certain physical factors of these problems skin friction coefficient (surface drag force) and Nusselt number (rate of heat transfer) are derived and present through tables.