آتش کی شاعری کی نمایاں خصوصیات
روانی اور موسیقیت:
آتش کی شاعری میں ہمیں ایک خاص روانی اور موسیقیت نظر آتی ہے جو پڑھنے والے پر ایک خاص اثر چھوڑتی ہے۔
بندش الفاظ جڑنے میں نگوں سے کم نہیں
شاعری بھی کام ہے آتش مرصع ساز
اس شعر کی وجہ سے آتش کو محض مرصع ساز کہنا زیادتی ہوگی ان کے اشعار میں الفاظ کی خوبصورتی کے ساتھ ساتھ رنگین فکر بھی نظر آتی ہے۔
موضوعات کا تنوع:
آتش کے کلام میں ہمیں مختلف موضوعات نظر آتے ہیں ان کے ہاں عشق و عاشقی کے موضوعات کے علاوہ تصوف کی جھلک بھی نظر آتی ہے زندگی کے مسائل بھی نمایاں نظر آتے ہیں لوگوں کے رویے بھی جو شخصیت پر اثرات پیدا کرتے ہیں اس کا اظہار بھی ان کی شاعری میں نظر آتا ہے اخلاق کا پہلو کہیں کہیں جھلکتا ہے۔
خارجیت اور داخلیت کا رنگ:
آتش کے اکثر کلام پر خار جیت کا رنگ بہت گہرا ہے لیکن اس کے ساتھ ساتھ داخلیت کا بھی اثر نظر آتا ہے آتش کی خارجیت وہ خارجیت نہیں ہے جس کی وجہ سے دبستان لکھنو بد نام ہے آتش کی شاعری میں زندگی کے جذبات و احساسات بھی نظر آتے ہیں کچھ ایسے معاملات کا ذکر بھی کرتے ہیں جس کا تعلق خارجیت سے ہے بقول ڈاکٹر سید عبداللہ:
" زندگی کے متعلق لکھنؤ کا نظریہ پر امید تھا مسرت و راحت لکھنؤ کے دو عزیز مقاصد تھے آتش نے بھی ان عزیز مقاصد کی ترجمانی کی ہے۔"
دبستان لکھنو اور دبستان دہلی کا امتزاج:
آتش کی شاعری میں دبستان دہلی کی روایت، جذبات اور داخلی خصوصیات نظر آتی ہیں لیکن اس کے ساتھ ساتھ ہمیں دبستان لکھنو کی چھاپ بھی نظر آتی ہے آتش ے ہاں کہیں کہیں خارجی تشبیہات اور استعارات ،قافیہ پیمائی کے اثرات...
The financing operations of conventional microfinance institutions are usually based on interest (Usury/Riba) which is strictly prohibited by the Shariah of Islam, therefore, some Islamic microfinance institutions were set up in Pakistan to provide micro credit and other financial help to the deserving people based on Shariah compliant mechanism. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and compare the social and financial performance of these microfinance institutions in Pakistan. Two separate samples containing two microfinance institutions each, representing conventional and Islamic microfinance institutions has been selected for this study. Four stars, Wasil Foundation and Akhuwat from Islamic microfinance institutions while Asasah and Community Support Concern (CSC) from conventional microfinance institutions, rated by Mix market have been selected for this research paper. The social and financial performance based on outreach, profitability, efficiency/productivity, and portfolio quality of both these microfinance institutions were studied and compared. The study revealed that Islamic MFIs were more cost effective compared to conventional MFIs based on cost per borrower (CPB) and operating expenses to assets (OEA), while on the basis of financial efficiency conventional MFIs performed well. Though the financial and social performance of both Islamic and conventional MFIs have improved over the passage of time, still they have to struggle hard on various fronts especially to improve their profitability based on ROA and ROE measures to make the institutions profitable and sustainable. This study reveals that the successful operation of Akhuwat and Wasil Foundation for the last more than a decade latterly proves that Islamic MFIs are viable and sustainable even in the absence of charging interest from their clients. So, the society and the government should encourage and promote these Shariah compliant organizations in order to help the extremely marginalized people of the society.
Inequalities are one of the most important instruments in many branches of mathe- matics such as functional analysis, theory of differential and integral equations, inter- polation theory, harmonic analysis, probability theory, etc. They are also useful in mechanics, physics and other sciences. A systematic study of inequalities was started in the classical book [31] and continued in [54, 55]. In the eighties and nineties of the last century an impetuous increase of interest in inequalities took place. One result of this fact was a great number of published books on inequalities (see e.g. [4, 5, 37, 39, 38]) and on their applications (see e.g. [2, 11]). Nowadays the theory of inequalities is still being intensively developed. This fact is confirmed by a great number of recent published books (see e.g. [6, 56]) and a huge number of articles on inequalities. Thus, the theory of inequalities may be regarded as an independent area of mathematics. This PhD thesis is devoted to special kind of inequalities, namely Jensen’s and some its related inequalities involving Hermite-Hadamard inequality, Hardy and its limit Polya-Knopp inequality. In the first chapter, called Introduction, some basic notions and results from theory of convex functions and theory of inequalities are being introduced along with classical results of convex functions. In the second chapter, The weighted Jensen’s Inequality for convex-concave anti- symmetric functions is proved and some applications are given. In the third chapter we have discussed the generalized form of Hermite-Hadamard inequality for integrable Convex functions. In the fourth chapter Some estimates of Hardy, strengthened Hardy-Knopp and multidimensional Hardy-Polya-Knopp type differences for p < 0 and 0 < p < 1 are calculated. In the fifth chapter we prove a new general one-dimensional inequality for convex functions and Hardy-Littlewood averages. Furthermore, we apply this result to unify and refine the so-called Boas’s inequality and the strengthened inequalities of the Hardy-Knopp-type, deriving their new refinements as special cases of the obtained general relation. In particular, we get new refinements of strengthened versions of the well-known Hardy and P ́olya-Knopp’s inequalities, while in the last chapter some measures of divergences between vectors in a convex set of n−dimensional real vector space are defined in terms of certain types of entropy functions, and their log-convexity properties with some applications in Information theory are discussed.