الفاظ کا استعمال اور ان کی مطابقت شاعری میں بہت اہمیت کے حامل ہیں ۔ شاعراپنی فکر کو الفاظ کا آہنگ عطا کرتا ہے۔ یہ الفاظ ہی ہیں جو قاری کے دل و دماغ پر اثر انداز ہوتے ہیں اور شاعر کے کلام کا رتبہ بلند درجے تک پہنچا دیتے ہیں۔ وہ الفاظ جو بے اختیار شاعر کے ذہن میں آتے ہیں ان تک پہنچنے کے لیے شاعر کئی مرحلوں سے گزر چکا ہوتا ہے۔ بہت دیر کی علمی وادبی مشقت اور گہرے مطالعے کے بعد وہ اس مقام تک پہنچتا ہے کہ الفاظ کا ذخیرہ اس کے ذہن میں محفوظ ہو سکے۔ اس طرح بہت سے الفاظ مخصوص ہو گئے اور ان کی ترتیب بھی پہلے سے طے ہو گئی مگر شعرا نے ایک مضمون کو سورنگ سے باندھ کر اس دلیل کو باطل کر دیا۔ کلام اقبال اس بات کا شاہد ہے کہ اقبال نے ایک بات کو کئی انداز سے ادا کیا ہے اور ہر باراپنی بات کو پہلے سے زیادہ دلنشیں اور پر اثر بنا کر پیش کیا ہے۔ پروفیسر عبد الحق کہتے ہیں:
”کمال ہے کہ لغت کے ثقیل اور دقیق الفاظ کو اشعار کی خوبصورتی میں تحلیل کیا۔
چونکہ ان کے افکار میں خلوص کی گرمی اور پیغام میں تپش تھی۔ اس لیے یہ اجنبی
الفاظ بھی فلسفہ کے ساتھ شیر و شکر ہو گئے ۔ کلام میں سیکڑوں الفاظ ہیں، جن کے
مروجہ معانی میں بھی فرق آیا۔ الفاظ معانی کی وسعتوں سے گراں بار ہوئے۔ خودی،
بے خودی، حسن و عشق، ہجر و وصال، جنون و جذب، قیصر و قلندر، ایمان ویقین
وغیرہ کے محدود معنی کلام اقبال میں نہیں رہے جو لغت میں محفوظ ہیں۔ لفظوں کے
تنگ لباس کے ساتھ معنی کے محدود مفاہیم میں اقبال نے انقلاب برپا کیا“(34)
اس لیے معانی کی...
Terrorism is such a dangerous disease that has destroyed peace of many nations of the world. Terrorism, in all its forms, is condemnable. The author of this paper tried to encompass all the important factors and causes, which generate and consolidate terrorism in its different forms. This paper presents various causes of the phenomenon of terrorism, which include the material causes, the psychological causes, the behavioral causes, the political causes, the social causes, the economic causes and the ideological causes. The last segment of this dissertation discusses the remedies of the problem of terrorism. The necessary measures and suggestions have been suggested by the author to control the monster of terrorism. These includes to promote a moderate religious approach through education and preaching; to remove the misconception of the west against Islām; to refine our education and teaching methods by including relevant psychology and morality; our youth needs to use their energy in the social welfare activities to save them from becoming a victim of extremists and terrorists for having no purpose of life and for being idle; the Muslim rulers need to get close to their masses and remove alienation; a confident, unanimous condemnation from the responsible circles of the society should be promulgated; the youth must not rebel against their rulers and must not indulge in the matters of excommunication.
Pakistan is an agriculture-based country and in agriculture sector, livestock is contributing lions‘ share. The livestock has great potential of increments in dairy products if the losses due to infectious diseases, lower management, and lack of recognition of this sector as industry may be reduced to minimum level. As foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, clinically acute, contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals including wild and domesticated ruminants. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) types O, A and Asia I are endemic in Pakistan. The losses due to this disease only have reached to billions of rupees every year. In first part of the study, suspected FMD samples from 374 animals (buffaloes and cattle) were collected including mouth swabs, vesicles, and serum and tongue tissue from dead animals from field outbreaks occurred in three provinces of Pakistan (Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan) during 2005-2009. The samples were subjected to virus isolation, Ag-ELISA, non-structural protein (NSP) ELISA, real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), amplification of VP1, P1 and whole genome, sequencing of VP1, P1 and whole genome. The sequences were then used in phylogenetic analysis using MEGA 4.0, to assess the movement of virus. Thirty eight viruses were isolated on cell culture. Thirty six viruses were confirmed as FMDV serotype O and two as serotype A. The viral isolates were sequenced and that include FMDV type O (32 VP1, 2 whole genome and 2 P1 sequences) and type A (1 VP1 and 1 P1 sequences). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the isolates fall in PanAsia II lineage of a broader group of PanAsia lineage. The type A viral isolates were closely related to Iranian sequences of 2001, 2002 and 2003. The second part of the study was the development and evaluation of an ELISA system for the early detection of specific FMD IgM antibodies in the serum of infected, carrier and vaccinated animals. Experimental and field outbreak serum samples (n=3440) were used for this purpose. The experimental samples were from cattle and sheep experiments carried out at Institute for Animal Health (IAH), United Kingdom in the past and field outbreak serum samples were from UK 2001 and 2007 outbreaks of FMD. Naïve samples (n=236 cattle & 36 sheep) were tested to find out the frequency distribution. It was found that at a cutoff value of 0.3, 100% specificity can be achieved. Furthermore, the test also had the potential to detect the infected, vaccinated and carrier animals. It was concluded from the study that FMD was endemic in Pakistan and upon phylogenetic analysis it was revealed that same viruses with minor nucleotide changes were the cause of repeated outbreaks in the areas under study. To our knowledge, this is the first report on whole length genome sequence including S, L, and complete open reading frame of FMD viral isolate from Pakistan. Overall, the results of the IgM ELISA may correlate with the infection status and possibly the carrier status of cattle. Therefore, the IgM ELISA could be a tool to identify infected cattle and in particular probable carrier cattle in a vaccinated population. However, the IgM ELISA cannot, sensu strict, detect carrier animals, which is only possible by virus isolation. Further studies with vaccinated, non-infected cattle should be carried out to clarify whether the IgM ELISA can reliably detect infected cattle in a vaccinate population.