تفسیر القرآن از سر سید احمد خان کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ

Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān belonged to a famous family of the subcontinent during the late Mughal and early British colonial period. He was famous for his close relations with the colonial government. He served many years in the judiciary. In recognition of his services, he was conferred upon with various titles such as Sir, The Imperial Advisor, etc. He is the founder of the educational campaign which was later known as the Aligarh movement. He was worried about the future of Muslims in India. This worry forced him to produce various literary and Islamic books to uplift the political, cultural, educational and social status of the Indian Muslims. One of his famous contribution to Islamic literature of Quranic exegeses is his Tafsīr al-Qur’ān. His tafsīr is influenced by western thoughts. He, instead of following the traditional methodology of Quranic exegeses, tried to understand the Quranic verses rationally. This led him to deviate from many established concepts of Islamic doctrines. He went against the Muslims’ affirmed beliefs in his exegesis. He mistrusted some of the basics of Islamic thoughts and tried his best to make new parameters of writing & reading of the Quranic exegesis on human logics. In addition, some of his views show certain relevance to the Mu'tazilites school of thought. The aim of this paper is to present an analytical and a critical evaluation of the exegetical opinions of Sir Syed Aḥmed Khān, particularly on the issues where he deviated from the mainstream Islamic thoughts in his exegesis, Tafsīr al-Qur’ān.

Effect of Structure and Risk Management of Commercial Banks on Profitability and Socio-Economic Development: A Comparative Study of China and Pakistan.

Commercial banks operate in an environment of risk and asymmetric information. It is the structure and risk management of commercial banks that impact profitability of commercial banks. Structure is a term used to describe the number of banks and size whereas risk management involves managing non-performing loans, capital adequacy ratios and liquidity of banks. Data on a sample of 30 Chinese commercial banks and 26 Pakistan commercial banks is collected for the period of 2004 to 2010 to investigate the impact on commercial banks' profitability of the two independent variables i.e. structure and risk management between China and Pakistan. We use SPSS to estimate the models and compare the results of the two countries. The empirical results suggest that structure and risk management influence the profitability of banks. This research is useful for policy making and knowledge sharing between the two countries finance researchers.