فراقؔ گورکھپوری
آج کل رگھوپتی سہائے فراق گورکھپوری پر بھی ماتم بپا ہے وہ اس دار فانی سے رخصت ہوئے تو اپنے ساتھ اردو شاعری کی بہت سی رعنائیاں اور جلوہ سامانیاں بھی ساتھ لیتے گئے، فانیؔ، اصغرؔ، جگرؔ اور حسرتؔ کے بعد اردو شاعری کے لال قلعہ کے تخت طاؤس پر بیٹھ کر وہی شاہجہانی کرتے رہے، زبان کی زور آوری، فن کی ہمہ گیری، احساسِ جمال کی مرقع آرائی، رومانیت اور کلاسکیت کی ہم آہنگی غزل گوئی کی آئندہ ساخت و پرداخت میں رہبری، کیفیت و حلاوت کی رنگ آمیزی اور اردو زبان کی بے پناہ محبت کی فراوانی میں وہ یگانۂ روزگار رہے، وہ خود کہہ گئے ہیں:
کچھ درد دے گیا ہوں زمانے کو اے فراقؔ
یہ سوچ کر کہ بعد میں یہ کام آئیں گے
(صباح الدین عبدالرحمن، اپریل ۱۹۸۲ء)
A review and comparative analysis of the intellectual pursuit, methods, approaches and publications of Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim In his compilations of hadith, Imam Bukhari was considerate of the view point (or school of thought) of his prior narrators/authors of hadith collections and in doing so, he validated and embellished their (past narrators) publications. Similarly, narrators after Imam Bukhari benefited from his intellectual vigour, as evident in the work of Imam Muslim, who as Imam Bukhari’s student profited from his work, and compiled a treasure of validated hadiths. This body of work had deep influence on the contemporary and upcoming authors and collectors of hadith, as a source of religious knowledge. Since, Imam Muslim didn’t/couldn’t perform the compilation/ Codification / arrangement of his collected hadith, which was later on performed by Imam Novi, who was intellectually and academically influenced by the Imam Bukhari’s publications – hence, a great deal of semblance is evident in both the authors (Imam Bukhari and Muslim) publications. This is especially visible in certain aspects such as prescribing translation chapters (tarjumatul-baab) with the Quranic verses and hadith scripts. Similarly, Codification chapters for explanatory (questioning) notions is also common method practiced in both the author’s work. However, on the other hand, the publication of both the author’s differ in certain dimensions as well. For example, Imam Bukhari’s publications incorporates a complexity of thought, legalistic determination (Fiqh) and collective scholarly wisdom (ijtihad). Whereas, Imam Muslim’s work pursues a relatively simplistic and comprehensible format. In this article, we seek to review and present a comparative analysis of the intellectual pursuit, approach and publications of both the aforementioned authors.
The main objectives of this Ph.D. research work are the development of enhanced metal matrix nanocomposite coatings by employing a new technique through gas carburizing of electrodeposited nanocrystalline and amorphous alloy precursors. The carburizing environment was created by introducing a flowing mixture of vaporized 95.5% alcohol (0.25 ml/min, liquid) and argon (0.5 L/min, gas) into the carburizing furnace. Six different alloy coatings namely Ni-W, Co-W, Co-Ni-W, Fe-W and Fe-Ni-W with tailored microstructure obtained by controlling the process parameters like current density, pH and temperature were synthesized. The in-situ carbide formation of binary and/or ternary carbides has been obtained in the bcc/fcc matrices. In Ni-WC composite coatings, WC is formed in the FCC Ni matrix. The size of the carbide particles ranges between 100 and 500 nm. TEM study has revealed the presence of carbide phase in the form of very small precipitates inside the Ni grains, the size of such precipitates is between 10 and 40 nm. The Co-W and Fe-W electrodeposited alloy coatings are not much compact at high deposition current densities, incorporation of Ni increased the adhesion and compactness of the coatings. The carbides of Co-Ni-W composite were needle like that at less carburizing time were at the top surface , while these were present at the depth also with increase in carburizing time as revealed by the section SEM images. Dendritic structure of carbides of Fe3W3C and WC were observed in Fe-W-C carbide composite coatings with the through thickness carbide formation. The hardness of the composite coatings was found to increase with the tungsten content and the carburizing temperature. The maximum hardness of about 1200 KHN is achieved for Fe-Ni-W composite coatings. Supersaturated nature of electrodeposited amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys, in addition to high diffusivity, have been attributed for the formation of carbide phases uniformly distributed in the matrix at a temperature range of 700–850°C. The new technique adopted for the fabrication of metal-matrix composite coatings is based on the idea of being cost effective and the attainment of finer microstructure of the alloy coatings and carbides through electrodeposition and low temperature gas carburizing processes.