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A Study on the Causes of Low Achievement of Science Students in the Subject of Chemistry at Intermediate Level

Thesis Info

Author

Attia Riaz

Supervisor

Muhammad Safdar

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xiii,63.

Subject

Science

Language

English

Other

Call No: 507 ATS; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-24 00:02:16

ARI ID

1676709620888

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ام المومنین حضرت زینب ؓ بنتِ جحش

ام المومنین حضرت زینب ؓ بنت جحش
نام زینب ؓ ، کنیت ام الحکم ، قبیلہ قریش کے خاندان اسد بن خزیمہ ہے ۔ان کاپہلا نام برہ تھا ۔ آپ ﷺ نے تبدیل فرما کر زینب رکھا ۔( مسلم شریف حدیث نمبر ۲۱۴۲)
آنحضرت ﷺ کے نکاح میں آنے سے قبل آپ ﷺ کے متبنیٰ بیٹے زید بن حارثہ کے عقد میں تھی ۔ وہ آنحضرت ﷺ کی پھوپھی زاد بہن تھی ۔اس وقت عرب معاشرہ میں دستور تھا کہ غلاموں سے مناکحت کو باعث ننگ و عار سمجھتے تھے ، یہی وجہ ہے کہ جب آنحضرت ﷺ نے سیدہ زینب ؓ کو اپنے غلام زید بن حارثہ ؓسے شادی کرنے کا پیغام دیا تو زینب ؓ اور ان کے بھائی عبداللہ بن جحش ؓ نے صاف انکار کردیا ۔ اس پر یہ آیت نازل ہوئی ۔’’ وماکان لمومن ولا مومنۃ اذاقضی ٰ اللہ و رسولہ امرا ان یکون لھم الخیرہ من امر ھم و من یعص اللہ و رسولہ فقد ضل ضلا لاََمبینا ‘‘۔ اس آیت میں مومن سے عبداللہ بن جحش ؓ اور مومنہ سے زینب ؓ مراد ہیں ۔ مطلب یہ ہے کہ کسی مومن اور مومنہ کے لیے یہ زیبا نہیں کہ جب اللہ اور اس کا رسول کوئی فیصلہ دے دے تو ان کو اپنے معاملہ میں کوئی اختیار رہے اور جس نے اللہ اور اس کے رسول کی نافرمانی کی بلا شبہ کھلی گمراہی میں مبتلا ہوا ۔اس لیے اس آیت کے نزول پر دونوں بہن بھائی راضی ہو گئے اور بحکم خدا وندی حضرت زینب ؓ کا نکاح حضرت زید ؓ سے ہو گیا ۔ شادی تو ہو گئی مگر لڑائی ہوتی رہتی جس سے زید ؓ آنحضرت ﷺ سے اس معاملہ کی شکایت کرتے اور عرض کرتے کہ میں زینب ؓ کو چھوڑ دیتا ہوں لیکن آپﷺ اسے...

تاریخ طبری کے ضعیف اورجھوٹے راویوں کی روایات کا تحقیقی جائزہ

History of Tibari is the well-known book of late ‘allama ibne jar┘r ║ibar┘. Its real name is Tar┘kh- ul ’ummam wal Mul┴k. History of ║ibar┘ is considered the comprehensive and encyclopedia for the first three decades and the backbone in the history of Islam. He is considered a great and lofty character especially in the history of Islam, although all the historians of the present as well as of the past take guidance from his book. Inspite of the facts there are also baseless and false quotations written about Su╒┐ba’ kir┐m, explanation of which is not reasonable. As there are present some false, man-made and illogical sayings in Tar┘kh ║ibar┘. Therefore, an explanatory summary is presented of the narrators so that it may be clyster clear that ‘Allama ║ibar┘ is trusty and worthy but his works are the combination of both facts and false.

Intelligent Security Level Selection System for H. 264 Videos

The internet is getting credit for being a backbone of information sharing these days. As the demand of the transmission of information on the un-trusted network increases, people demanding the more secure mechanism to share data on hybrid networks. Now a day, the Ib contents contain multimedia which demands security along with a maximum compression ratio of transmission over the networks. The aim of this research paper is twofold, one the novel lightIight encryption method is proposed which is based on Permutation rounds with exclusive OR (P-XOR) and second the implementation of expert systems to auto detects three different security levels for hybrid devices/networks. P-XOR is a symmetric stream cipher with three keys of 128 bits along with five rounds. As per the need of heterogeneous devices and networks, three security levels are implemented on the compression stage of H.264 bit-streams. Three cipher algorithms, i.e. exclusive OR (XOR) for low level security, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for high level security and newly proposed P-XOR for medium level security are selected by the implementation of fuzzy rule based expert system. The proposed expert system intelligently selected the best security level by judging the device and network requirements for H.264 video transmission. The proposed framework has resolved the key problem of selecting the same level of hybrid infrastructure, i.e. the devices like mobiles, tablets, laptops and servers with differing requirements like energy, storage, and resolution and frame rate. The results on different sample videos have confirmed the validity of the proposed expert system for selection of different security levels. As a research contribution, the implementation of proposed framework has provided the minimum computational cost due to selective encryption, better performance in terms of selection time by the expert system, video format compliance and without network overhead for encrypted videos on said security levels.