شیخ ظہور الحسن
افسوس ہے کہ شیخ ظہورالحسن صاحب سابق ریوینیو سکریٹری حکومت اتر پردیش نے کراچی میں انتقال کیا، وہ اپنے محکمہ کے ماہر اور اس صوبے کے لائق ترین عہدہ داروں میں تھے، حکومت میں ان کا بڑا وقار تھا، عملاً بڑے مذہبی اور دیندار تھے، مذہبی مطالعہ وسیع تھا، دینی کاموں سے بڑی دلچسپی تھی، ترک وطن سے پہلے دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے رکن تھے، کئی سال ہوئے ریٹائرڈ ہوچکے تھے، ان کے لڑکے پاکستان میں بڑے عہدوں پر تھے، لیکن وہ خود ہندوستان ہی میں مقیم رہے، ۱۹۶۵ء کی جنگ سے کچھ پہلے لڑکوں سے ملنے کراچی گئے تھے، اسی دوران میں جنگ چھڑگئی، اس لیے لڑکوں کے اصرار سے وہاں مستقل قیام اختیار کرلیا، اور وہیں قلبی دورے میں وفات پائی، مسلمان عہدہ داروں میں ایسے لائق اور دیندار کم ہوتے ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس مرد مومن کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۷۲ء)
Interfaith harmony refers to the peaceful coexistence and cooperation between people of different religious beliefs. This abstract focuses on the need for interfaith harmony, the challenges that hinder it, and the way forward towards achieving it. The need for interfaith harmony arises from the diversity of religious beliefs and practices around the world, which can lead to misunderstanding, conflict, and violence. Interfaith harmony promotes mutual respect, understanding, and cooperation among people of different faiths, which can lead to a more peaceful and just society. However, achieving interfaith harmony is not without challenges. These challenges include ignorance, prejudice, fear, and mistrust among people of different faiths. There are also social, economic, and political factors that can contribute to the breakdown of interfaith relations. To overcome these challenges, there are several ways forward towards achieving interfaith harmony. These include education and awareness-raising initiatives that promote interfaith understanding and dialogue. There are also interfaith organizations that bring people of different faiths together for mutual cooperation and support. Additionally, there are political and legal measures that can protect the rights of religious minorities and ensure their full participation in society. In conclusion, interfaith harmony is essential for building a peaceful and just society. While there are challenges to achieving it, there are also ways forward towards promoting interfaith understanding, cooperation, and respect.
The work presented in this thesis concerns the synthesis of various sulfonamide derived Schiff bases by the equimolar reaction of sulfonamides e.g., sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfanilamide, sulfamethaxazole, 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene sulfonamide, 4- (methyl)benzenesulfonamide, sulfisoxazole and sulfaguanidine with the respective aldehydes such as 5-chlorosalicylaldehyde, 5-bromosalicylaldehyde and 2- hydroxynaphthaldehyde. The free amino group (NH2) of the sulfonamide moiety condense with the carbonyl (HC=O) group of aldehydes to achieve the target of twenty- one new sulfonamide derived Schiff base (L1)–(L21) compounds. The structures of newly synthesized sulfonamides were elucidated by their physical, spectral (IR, 1H and 13 C NMR and mass) and analytical (CHN analysis) data. X-ray diffraction studies on nine sulfonamides were carried out to confirm the structures of 4-(5-chloro-2- hydroxybenzylideneamino)-N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (L1), 4- [(E)-(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]benzenesulfonamide (L4), 4-{2-[(5-chloro- 2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]ethyl}benzenesulfonamide (L6), 4-chloro-2-[(E)-({4-[N- (3,4-dimethylisoxazol-5-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyl}iminio)methyl]phenolate (L8), 4-[(5- bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]-N-(4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfon amide-4-bromo-2-[(E)-({4-[(4,6-dimethyl-pyrimidin-2-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyl}iminio) methyl]phenolate (L10), 4-[(E)-(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylideneamino]benzene sulfonamide (L13), 4-{[(E)-(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}-N-(5- methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide benzylidene)amino]ethyl}benzenesulfonamide (L14), 15 (L ) 4-{2-[(5-bromo-2-hydroxy and 4-bromo-2-((E)-{4-[(3,4- dimethylisoxazol-5-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyliminiomethyl)phenolate (L17). The synthesized sulfonamide derived Schiff base were used as ligands for complexation reaction with a number of metalloelements [Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)] using in a molar ratio of L : M as 2 : 1. The nature of bonding and structure of all the metal(II) complexes have been deduced by their physical (conductivity, magnetic measurements), spectral (IR, 1H and 13 C NMR and electronic) and analytical (CHN analysis) data. The result of these studies revealed an octahedral geometry for all the metal(II) complexes. Due to amorphous nature of the metal(II) complexes, their crystals could not be formed for X-ray diffraction studies. In order to evaluate the biological role of these compounds and the effect of metalloelements on the nature of their biological activity, all the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities against four Gram–negative (Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi) and two Gram–positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains and against six fungal strains (Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glabrata) using agar-well diffusion method. The result of these studies revealed that majority of the compounds showed significant (~80%) to moderate (~50%) antibacterial/antifungal activity. The activity however, was enhanced upon chelation/coordination with the metalloelements: some compounds, which were non- active, became active and moderate active became significantly active. Amongst all the compounds, the zinc(II) complexes showed the highest activity. The brine shrimp (Artemia salina) bioassay was also carried out to study in vitro cytotoxic activity. These studies revealed that several compounds displayed potent cytotoxic activity as LD50 in the range of 4.898 x 10-4 to 6.745 x 10-4 M/mL.