پاکستان میں رائج زرعی نظام کا شرعی جائزہ

Islam has provided guidance in agriculture like any other field of life. Agriculture provides food and nourishment to men, animals and birds. Pakistan is an agricultural land. Out of total grass root of Pakistan economy, 80% depends upon the agriculture. Agriculture is the production of food, feed and fiber by the systematic harvesting of plants and animals. The history of agriculture is a central element of human history. The article deals with the study of Muslims’ contribution to agriculture especially the Prophetic and four caliphs’ time. The Prophet r initiated the development of a sophisticated system of irrigation, and the Caliphs Hazrat Umar R. A and Hazrat Uthman R. A suggested revolution in agricultural reforms. The Islamic rules on land ownership and labor rights, alongside the recognition of private ownership and introduction of share cropping created by incentives to engage in agriculture. The present system prevailing in Pakistan has several short comings. Landlordism and poverty of cultivators who are generally uneducated, absence of heavy machinery for cultivation and small holdings also create problem.

Experiences of District Management and School Staff Regarding Newly Introduced Teacher Performance Assessment System in Government Schools of Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan

This study aimed to explore the experiences of District management and school staff regarding newly introduced teacher performance assessment system in Government schools of Gilgit- Balistan. The study was conducted in two government schools of the district using qualitative case study approach. Semi-structured interviews, field notes and document analysis were sources of data collection. The study involved seven research participants, a district education officer, two head teachers and four teachers from Gilgit-BaItistan. The study has generated some interesting findings related to their experience. In Government context, there were some concerns and issues in relation to quality teaching, students' learning and drawbacks in the existing performance appraisal tool- Annual Confidential Report, which led the district management to develop and implement a system that was more professional development oriented. It aimed to improve teachers' teaching practices, identifying their needs for the provision of support and accountability. New assessment system was understood as a systematic process of collecting information about teachers' performance for feedback and development. The teachers had positive attitudes towards the new system as it helped them to enhance their content knowledge, planning skills, reflective practices and change their traditional belief of teaching. Most importantly, the systematic process played crucial role in changing the attitude of the teachers towards teaching which contributed to quality teaching and students' achievement. However, teachers had some concerns about unannounced observations and nature of feedback while head teachers experienced less support from the senior management for professional support and monitoring. The District management dealing with large number of schools experienced lack of capacity as a challenge in its effective implementation. The data indicated that collaborative efforts of some key representatives in designing and pilot testing for the feedback before its implementation could be more effective. This study is significant for practitioners to reflect upon their practices and refine the tool to maximize the positive aspects and minimize the shortcomings to make it effective and purposeful.