بین المذاہب ہم آہنگی اور عصر ی تقاضے : الہامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Inter-Faith Harmony and Contemporary Demands: An Analytical Study in the Light of Divine Teachings Abstract Over the course of time and with the rapid increase in human population need for mutual relations become crucial. Resultantly on behalf of this closeness, separation, anti-standpoints and comparisons also emerged. As the time passed by hatred and hypocrisy and other social vices spread on large scale. Thus human society was waiting for such liberator who may lead and work for the betterment of this society. With the dawn of Islamic civilization all such issues were not only resolved but also provided with a model for containing the difference of opinion and multiple traditions under its unique worldview. Islamic History presents itself as a model where the minorities were provided with the opportunities of participating in political, social, educational and collective affairs. Thus in a society where tyranny, injustice, un-forbearance, religious intensity, terrorism and the activities of violating the human rights were very common, were substituted by the Islamic ideal  of forbearance. It is argued here that the solution of all these issues was only in religion contrary to what is being claimed about an idea of social harmony where religion is not given its due position. Today it’s our dire need to develop a sense of harmony, modesty, affection and peacefulness among the masses of various religions of Pakistani society. It is further argued that for this very noble cause all the religious scholars and their followers can come forward playing their pertinent role. Keywords: Interfaith harmony, present era, divine books, religious personalities, Peace

Estimation of Tidal Energy Utilizing Different Harnessing Techniques Through Geographical Information System within Creek Area of Indus Delta, Sindh Province, Pakistan

The global energy demand is currently being met by depleting sources of fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal, etc.). A deteriorating supply and an ever increasing demand have led to a major increase in fuel prices over this decade. Since fossil fuels are diminishing, the effect of this strong dependence is becoming an increasing concern. Energy services bolster the socio-economical development of a country, so a sustainable energy system is essential for the growth of a country’s economy. Regrettably, like many other countries, Pakistan is also facing worse energy crisis. Climate change and energy shortage drive Government of Pakistan to replace traditional sources of energy by alternative energy sources. Electricity generation by tidal sources has an important contribution in reducing environmental pollution, while on the other hand relatively less cost with inexhaustible and highly predictable energy source makes it further appealing. Pakistan has a 1000 kilometer coastline comprising of complex creek networks in Indus deltaic region of the Sindh province, which could be utilized for the installation of tidal plants. However there is no significant data analysis so far and the rationalize thinking, to utilized the freely and existing energy, has been made for this purpose. Therefore the major aim of this research is estimation of tidal energy resources utilizing different harnessing techniques through Geographical Information System (GIS) within the creek area of Indus delta. It is highlighted that there is no research conducted relative to the GIS method in tidal data (both tidal elevation and tidal current) of Sindh region. For this purpose different data sets are collected from different sources such as satellite imageries (Acquired from ESRI), tidal elevation data of six different locations and tidal current data of twelve different locations (Both acquired from Hydrography Department, Pakistan Navy) and incorporated into GIS environment to develop digitized layers and maps. Geostatistical Analysis tool is applied to analyze different interpolation methods to predict tidal data (both tidal elevation and tidal current) at un-observed locations and between these methods, Ordinary Kriging method is chosen for interpolation. Four models are compared for tidal elevation data : (i) Stable (ii) Circular (iii) Spherical and (iv)Exponential and four different models have been compared for tidal current data : (i) Stable (ii) Circular (iii) Exponential and (iv)K-Bessel . These models are compared, evaluated and cross-validated for selection of finest model for predictions of data at un-known locations. Power density maps are generated from selected model and based on these maps and suitable bathymetry three potential sites are selected for tidal range technology plants (Total estimated output power from these sites using VETT turbine is 358.29 MW) and thirteen site are selected for marine current technology farms (Total estimated output power from these sites using Verdant Power turbine is 2754.7MW).