مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی
مولاناسید سلیمان ندوی طبقۂ علما میں وسیع النظر عالم،محققین میں بلند پایہ محقق اورمصنفین میں ایک گرامی مرتبت مصنف تھے، وہ جس طرح قدیم تعلیم یافتہ گروہ کے اکابر میں شمار ہوتے تھے اسی طرح تعلیم جدید کے طبقہ میں بھی اُن کو بڑا وقار اورمرتبہ حاصل تھا۔ندوۃ العلما سے فارغ ہونے کے بعد مولانا شبلی جو مردم شناسی اورجوہر قابل کی قدردانی میں ایک خاص امتیاز رکھتے تھے، اُن کے فیضان تعلیم وتربیت نے مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی کواستاد کاجانشین بنادیا۔ اوراس میں کوئی شبہ نہیں کہ انھوں نے جانشینی کا حق جس خوبی سے اداکیاہے کسی شاگرد نے کم کیا ہوگا۔انھوں نے سیرۃ النبی کے نام سے، جیسا کہ وہ خود فرماتے تھے، درحقیقت اسلام کی ایک نہایت مستند،مفصل اورمبسوط انسائیکلوپیڈیا لکھی۔قرآن مجید کے تاریخی وجغرافیائی مباحث پران کی کتاب ’ارض القرآن‘ اس موضوع پر اپنی نوعیت کی پہلی کتاب ہے۔’’عرب وہند کے تعلقات‘‘،’’عربوں کی جہاز رانی‘‘ اور’’ عمرخیام‘‘ پراُنھوں نے جو دادتحقیق دی ہے، وہ اُن کی قبائے علم وفضل کاتکمۂ زریں ہے۔مستقل بلندپایہ تصنیفات کے علاوہ مختلف تاریخی، مذہبی، ادبی اور لسانی وتنقیدی مباحث پراُن کے قلم سے وقتاً فوقتاً جو مقالات یاچھوٹے چھوٹے رسالے نکلتے رہے ہیں وہ ان مباحث کے طلبا اورعلما کے لیے شمع راہ کاکام عرصہ تک دیتے رہیں گے۔ ان ذاتی علمی وتحقیقی کارناموں کے علاوہ آں مرحوم کا سب سے بڑااورشاندار کارنامہ یہ ہے کہ اُنھوں نے دارالمصنفین میں اپنے فیض تعلیم وتربیت سے ارباب قلم علما کی ایک ایسی جماعت پیدا کی جس کے تصنیفی کارناموں کی بدولت اسلامی تاریخ،اسلامی علوم وفنون اوراسلامی ادبیات کاایک گراں قدر ذخیرہ بڑی خوبی اورعمدگی کے ساتھ اردو زبان میں منتقل ہوچکاہے اور یہ سلسلہ برابر جاری ہے۔مولانا مرحوم نے اس حیثیت سے اردو زبان کی خصوصاً اور اسلامی علوم وفنون کی عموماً وہ شاندار خدمات...
ABSTRACT: Peanuts may be consumed in a variety of processed forms like roasted, raw and processed etc. And represent as a multimillion dollar crop worldwide with many potential dietary benefits as it contains high protein and health effective oils. Objective: The present investigation was planned to evaluate thephysio-chemical properties of peanut milk yogurt by the addition of different concentration of peanut milk (0 %, 10 %, 20 % and 30 %), skimmed milk liquid (60 %, 70 %, 80 %, and 90 %), skimmed milk powder (9 %) and sugar (1 %). Methods: The physico-chemical tests (pH, acidity, moisture, ash, fat, protein, syneresis, and viscosity) were examined after every 5 days of interval for a period of 15 days at 4 ºC. Results: The results of physico-chemical analysis revealed that pH, ash, fat, protein and viscosity decrease during storage period where as acidity, moisture and rate of syneresis increased during storage. Treatment T1 (10 % peanut milk) was comparatively best for manufacturing of peanut milk yogurt followed by T2 (20 % peanut milk + 70 % skimmed milk liquid + 9 % skimmed milk powder + 1 % sugar) while peanut milk yogurt from (30 % peanut milk + 60 % skimmed milk liquid + 9 % skimmed milk powder + 1 % sugar) had the lowest degree of firmness. Conclusions: It was noticed that correlation among fat, total solids and protein contents in peanut milk affect the extent of serum separation and pH of yogurt. The storage had significant effects on all physico-chemical parameters. Treatments had significant effect on all physico-chemical parameters
The study determined to find out the status of English language teaching at primary level by focusing grade 4 in the government primary schools in Punjab, Pakistan, after the introduction of English as a compulsory subject from grade 1 in 2002. To accomplish this, three tools were designed; questionnaire for teachers, a classroom observation checklist and an achievement test for grade 4 students. 5000 students of grade 4 were tested; classroom teaching of 200 teachers teaching English to grade 4 at 200 primary schools was observed, and the questionnaire was administered on the same teachers. In an effort towards providing opportunities to public school students to develop communicative competence in all the four skills of English language in primary years, instead of grade 6, the Punjab government introduced English to be taught from grade 1 and accordingly designed the curriculum in the light of this objective. The study indicates that even after four years of teaching English and the in-service teacher training imparted to the teachers, the teaching methodology is based on the classical approach rather than skills-oriented one, hence the general aims and objectives of English curriculum for enabling primary level students to have communicative competence with respect to their grade level, have not been achieved so far. The students are found lacking in all the language skills in general, listening and speaking skills in particular. It has been also observed that much time is spent on the completion of syllabus which does not allow catering to the language education needs of the learners. English is taught mostly without teaching aids, and teachers despite being academically and professionally qualified do not practise learner-centred teaching. This occurs due to the gap between ivteachers’ theoretical knowledge and the application of their pedagogical skills in the classroom which ultimately results in poor communicative competence of the students. Teachers do not design skills oriented class exercises and tests for assessing the achievement of students in English because they are not effectively motivated to incorporate their updated skills in their instruction. In addition, a bit undue pressure on syllabus covering within the stipulated time and the absence of proper monitoring of teachers in the class after getting training as well as positive reinforcement from the administration came out to be other factors responsible for this not so encouraging status of English language teaching. However, the study reflects that the textbook does provide for the needs related to the grade and age of the learners having sufficient practice exercises for the learning of English language skills. The study concludes with a discussion of possible ways of bringing positive change in the present scenario. The conclusion and recommendations outline more realistic efforts in revising the methods of teaching, having a proper monitoring and evaluation system, and enhancing teachers’ motivation for incorporating appropriate teaching techniques in the teaching of English to have better competence in students’ communication in English language. This further suggests drawing connections between teaching of the textbook and the curriculum aims for practically consistent application of skills oriented teaching of English in government schools at the primary level.