Influence of Educational and Financial Status of Parents on the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students: A Case Study in Hyderabad Division-Sindh

This research is conducted, in order to analyze the students’ academic performance at secondary school level in Pakistan. This is a case study conducted in Hyderabad Division of Sindh Province in Pakistan. The study was focused to the students who have passed matriculation class (Class-X), equivalent to secondary level in Pakistan(10 years of education). Sample size of 1097 higher Secondary level students were randomly selected from various colleges and schools in a way that around 150 students should take part in the survey from each institute. The sample selection was further divided on gender (Male = 448, Female = 648) and locale (Urban=455, Rural=641) basis. A data collection questionnaire was developed by the researchers and implemented for data collection. After collection of the data from desired population, the statistical analysis based on Pearson’s Chi-square and Correlation models were carried out in SPSS. The conclusion inferred from the data analysis of the study, strongly revealed that the students’ academic achievement at high school secondary level was highly associated to their parent’s educational level and socio-economic background. Therefore, it is strongly recommended financial condition of the population must be enhanced by taking appropriate measures. In order to coup tough financial conditions at their homes, deprived students should be provided adequate scholarships. Free stationary and books should also be provided at schools.

A Use Case Complexity Based Approach to Prioritize Test Cases for Software Product Line Testing

Software Product Line (SPL) Engineering is software engineering tools, techniques and methods for the development of products sharing common features along with some variant features. A feature model (FM) represents the relationship among various features. Feature model is the main artifact that generates different products of SPL. Product testing is the necessary part of quality assurance. The combinatorial rise of the products occurs due to the large number of features resulting, SPL testing very complex. To reduce the complexity of testing, there are some techniques used in the literature like products selection, minimization and prioritization. In product selection, the scope of testing is reduced. Product minimization chooses a product that represents all the characteristics of products and eliminates redundancy but not feasible for revealing all faults and early fault detection. Product minimization and selection discard some products but prioritization covers all the products. Products Prioritization technique reorders the products based on feature coverage criteria or feature coupling complexity criteria. Prioritization reveals faults earlier that help in early fault correction, feedback, saves cost and time. In existing techniques of prioritization criteria, no one addressed the feature?s individual complexity to prioritize the products. In this present research, the researcher calculated use case complexity of individual features calculated followed by finding product?s complexity in order to prioritize product (Test Case).There are abstract and concrete features in a feature model. Concrete features can be mapped on use case descriptions because they provide the functional requirements of system. An algorithm proposed for finding complexity of UC that based on UC template attributes. It eventually prioritized the products based on individual feature?s complexity. To validate the work, e Shop case study used that was evaluated by generating feature model and valid products configurations with the help of the SPL tool. The e Shop data set obtained from SPLOT that was a free repository. Lists of prioritized products for existing criteria and proposed criteria obtained by running their respective algorithms. Effectiveness of the proposed criteria in comparison with the existing criteria judged by calculating average percentage of faults detected for each prioritized list of products. Proposed approach significantly improved the average percentage of faults detected. The results of case study show that different ordering of the same test cases gives considerable difference in the average percentage of faults detected.