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An Investigation into the Effects of Medium of Instruction at M. Ed Level of Allama Iqbal Open University

Thesis Info

Author

Iffat Qadir Malik

Supervisor

Muhammad Abrahim Khalid

Program

MEd

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2006

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xvi, 117.

Subject

Education

Language

English

Other

Call No: 378.17 IFI; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676709711955

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خس و خاشاک زمانے

خس وخشاک زمانے

                پاکستان میں 2010ء میں منظر عام پر آنے والا ناول خس وخاشاک زمانے مستنصر حسین تارڑ نے تحریر کیا۔ایک ایسا ناول جس میں لاہور کی منظر نگاری کی گئی ہے لاہور میں رہنے والوں کا ماحول ،رہن سہن اور گاؤں سے آنے والے وہ افراد جو روزگار کی تلاش میں بڑے شہروں کی طرف اپنا رخ کرتے ہیں اور پھر کس طرح ان کی زندگی گزرتی ہے، ان کوکن مسائل سے گزرنا پڑتا ہے۔ان تمام باتوں کو بہت خوبصورتی سے خس وخاشاک زمانے میں مصنف نے اپنا موضوع بنایا ہے۔ناول میں مصنف نے دنیا پور سے آئے ہوئے لوگوں کے بارے میں بتایا ہے کہ وہ سبزی  منڈی آتے ہیں اور لاہور سبزی منڈی میں اپنا سارا مال بیچ کر شام کی ٹرین سے واپس اپنے گاؤں کی طرف چلے جاتے ہیں۔مصنف ان لوگوں کی طرف اشارہ کرتے ہیں کہ جو اپنے آپ کو بلند سمجھتے ہیں یعنی جاٹ برادری سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں۔خود کو تمام ذاتوں سے اعلیٰ اور باقی تمام ذاتوں کو خود سے کمتر اور اپنا خادم تصور کرتے ہیں۔مصنف نے بتایا ہے کہ جب یہی لوگ اپنے گاؤں سے شہر میں آکر آباد ہو جاتے ہیں تو انھیں شہر کی تنگ گلیوں اور چھوٹے مکانوں کو دیکھتے ہوئے اپنے گاؤں کے کھلے گھر اور گوبر کی بدبوئیں یاد آتی ہیں۔

                ’’خس وخاشاک زمانے ‘‘کو پاکستان کی ایک ایسی کہانی کہا جاسکتا ہے کہ جو معاشرے کی تہذیبی واخلاقی اقدار اور پھر معاشرے میں بدلتے ہوئے اخلاقی رویوں کو بیان کرتی ہے۔ ناول میں دو خاندانوں کی کہانی کو بیان کیا گیا ہے جس کو موضوع بناتے ہوئے اس نے ان حقائق سے پردہ اٹھایا ہے جن پر بات کرنا معیوب سمجھا جاتا ہے۔کہانی نسلوں پر پھیلی ہوئی ایک داستان کی...

Mental Health Disorders and Challenges faced by developing countries

Mental disorders are common and contribute to the highest burden of disease across the globe. Depression and anxiety has become the most frequent disorder in these times. However, it is notconsidered a disease mostly and there are no proper policies and treatment all over the world but thedeveloping countries are affected the most. Mental health care services are lacking and inaccessible tomost of the patients worldwide. Apart from this fact, the stigma associated with this ailment is a majorhindrance in the way of treatment. Lack of human resource and their proper training is also lacking. Thereis a dire need to enhance research capacity to actually estimate the burden and magnitude of the problem, preparing a policy and above all, its implementation to bring a change in the treatment of mental healthproblems. Low and middle income countries are suffering the most due to these disorders and ironicallyit is not considered a disease thereMostly, the uneducated people attribute such mental health issues to supernatural phenomenonsuch as ghosts or magic etc. Additionally, for the treatment of these so-called “supernatural phenomenon”and to get rid of ghosts, they tend to go to “peers” or “baba” who are illiterate people, pretending to havecure for these patients. But infact, such malpractices and misconceptions among masses lead to adisastrous situation. It causes worsening of the condition of patient by not getting the proper medical andpsychiatric treatment, secondly, they are caught up by wrong people who extort huge amount of money. These are the challenges that developing countries are facing for the treatment of mental health issues. Evidence-based interventions and practice by trained personals in community and primary health carefacilities can improve the understanding and treatment of these ailments. Exercise, healthy life style, healthy dietary+ patterns and physical activities may also work wonders in these conditions.

Western Scholarship on ORIGINS of Islamic Law an Analytical and Critical Study

Orientalism is an ancient tradition of Western scholarship which portrays Islam, Muslim societies and Arabs in negative manner. Orientalist tradition was extended to Islamic legal scholarship during colonial era. Ground breaking publication of a Hungarian orientalist Ignac Goldziher (d.1921) `Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law' (1910) became the basis of all future writings on this subject. Joseph Schacht (d.1969) a German orientalist carried his work in Goldziher's footsteps and published `Origins of Mohammadan Jurisprudence' (1950) and 'An Introduction to Islamic law' (1964) which laid the foundations of Islamic legal orientalism in academic writings of the Western world. With the advent of orientalist tradition in USA during the Cold War era, leading American universities established Oriental Studies, Near Eastern Languages and Cultures and Middle Eastern Studies departments which worked closely with U.S. State department and Foreign Affairs department to facilitate the goverhment to establish political hegemony over the Middle East and the Muslim world. Two major assumptions put forward in the academic debate by the West on 'Origins' of Islamic law were inauthenticity of hadith literature and influence of pre-Islamic non-Arab laws on the development of Islamic law. This dissertation carries out critical analysis of writings of Western scholars during cold war era through post 9/11 era to date, on these two issues. The objective of this research is to study the shift in paradigms, trends, approaches and methodology adopted by Western scholars of 21' century in their writings on Origins of Islamic law and to see how this scholarship is related to European and American political hegemony over the Muslim world. Writings of Harald Motzki, Jonathan Brown, Wael Hallaq and Patricia Crone and a few more are selected to analyze 21' century Western scholarship. Responses, rebuttals and critiques on the assumptions put forward by Western scholars of 20th century are also part of this dissertation. A shift in trend and methodology is observed in 2l' century Western scholarship on Islamic law but the essential paradigms for the study remain the same thus putting forth similar results. It is also observed that Western scholarship on Islam is strongly connected with its political hegemony over the Muslim world. Methodologically Western scholarship has shifted from 20th century philological zeitgeist to 21' century social science research but it remains within the orientalist problematique. Thus Islamic law is portrayed as an essentially defective legal system and hadith literature the second primary source of Islamic law remains inauthentic in Western scholarship. However there are scholars who are aware of the fact that they are not to become hostage to biased paradigms and inadvertent commitments to political agendas in order to promote academic honesty.