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Home > An Investigation into the Problems Faced by Heads of Institutions in Conducting Workshops of Allama Iqbal Open University

An Investigation into the Problems Faced by Heads of Institutions in Conducting Workshops of Allama Iqbal Open University

Thesis Info

Author

Anwar-Ul-Haq Abbasi

Supervisor

Muhammad Javed Iqbal

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2004

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xi,77.

Subject

Education

Language

English

Other

Call No: 378.5491 ANI; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676709714942

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کہتے ہیں اس جہاں کے یہ قصے حقیر ہیں

کہتے ہیں اس جہاں کے یہ قصے حقیر ہیں
جاناں تمھارے خواب بھی کتنے شریر ہیں

ہم آسمانِ زیست کے تابندہ لوگ تھے
ہم تیرے در پہ آ کے بنے جو فقیر ہیں

مصرع کمر ہے، شعر سی تصویر ہے تری
تجھ خوبرو کو دیکھنے آئے جو میرؔ ہیں

تیری رضا پہ ہے سرِ تسلیم خم مرا
تجھ زلف کے اے شوخ پرانے اسیر ہیں

گل ہو، گہر ہو، لعل ہو یا پورا چاند ہو
جاناں تمھارے حسن کے آگے حقیر ہیں

بزمِ فضاؔ میں ناز کا کیا کام گل بدن
یاں آئے بادشاہ بھی بن کر فقیر ہیں

قرآنی طرز زندگی کے مطابق قیادت و رہبریت کی شرائط

Islam teach us complete way of life. It guides human to face any circumstance from birth to death such as clothing and appearance etc, Beard on male face is one of those guidance, through which male can be differentiated from female. Quran and Sunnah, Ijma and Qiyas (four principles of sharia) has made beard a part of human and Islamic nature. Due to this beard is obligatory and not having beard on face and large mustaches on face is the appearance of non-Muslims. And we are ordered to oppose that appearance. And by leaving beard less than one hand is forbidden, and group of many sins. And Hazrath Muhammad (SAW) also hate them. And according to sharia having beard on face have a lot of benefits for health and not having beard on face is much harmful for health. And cutting beard more than one hand is allowed and as well evident that it is Sunnah and Mustahib, because it is the original quantity of beard. And also it is based on the principles of nature and common sense instead of copying.

Synthesis and Mesomorphic Studies of Some Novel Azole Based Liquid Crystalline Molecules

One of the important properties of heterocyclic compounds is their thermal and chemical stability, which makes them significant in synthesis of thermally and chemically stable liquid crystalline compounds. Incorporation of heterocyclic ring in the molecules changes the polarizability, phase transition temperatures and type of mesophase. These heterocyclic liquid crystalline materials have great potential applications like spatial light modulation, optical signal processing, optical information storage, organic thin-film transistors, fast-switching ferroelectric materials and fluorescent probes. In the present work, azole (tetrazole, thiazole, oxadiazole) based liquid crystalline molecules were prepared. The tetrazole derivatives having two benzene rigid cores with various linking units, i.e., single bond, ester, an ester and a double bond, ether and triple bond, were synthesized. The tetrazole moiety was also incorporated in side chain tetrazole liquid crystalline polymers. Furthermore, molecular architecture was designed by incorporating thiazole, oxadiazole moiety and two benzene rings using a single bond as linking unit. In addition, molecular structures with pyridine and oxadiazole rigid cores and ester functionality as linking unit were also synthesized. The long alkyl and alkoxy groups were introduced at the peripheral rigid core units. The structure characterization of all the synthesized compounds was performed employing IR, NMR and CHNS analysis. The liquid crystalline properties of the compounds were evaluated through DSC, POM and XRD analysis. The tetrazole derivatives with ester linking group showed enantiotropic nematic (N), chiral nematic (N*), chiral smectic A (SmA*) and smectic C (SmC) phases. The smectic phase appeared with increased alkoxy chain length. The liquid crystalline range also increased with increasing length of alkyl chain. The tetrazole derivatives with ester and double bond linker also exhibited enantiotropic nematic phase. Moreover, the compounds with triple bond as linking unit manifested monotropic nematic phase with very narrow mesophase range. Furthermore, tetrazole derivatives with ether linking unit and oxadiazole and thiazole derivatives proved non-mesogenic. The tetrazole polymers demonstrated SmA phase. A single nematic mesophase with large transition temperature ranges was observed for oxadiazole and pyridine derivatives. The synthesized tertazole derivatives with perfluorobenzene ring, ether and single bond linking units showed sharp melting temperatures and were non-mesopmorphic