ارضِ اقبال آفاقیت کے آئینے میں‘‘ڈاکٹر نصیر احمداسد کے مختلف تحقیقی و تنقیدی نوعیت کے مضامین پر مشتمل کتاب ہے۔بیشتر مضامین مختلف تحقیقی و تنقیدی رسائل کی زینت بن چکے ہیں۔ اُنھوں نے جن جن شخصیات پر قلم اٹھایا ہے،ان کے بارے میں معلومات کا ایک ذخیرہ جمع کر دیا ہے۔جہاں جہاں ضرورت محسوس کی ہے اپنی ناقدانہ رائے کا اظہار بھی بڑی خوب صورتی سے کیا ہے۔
مَیں نے ڈاکٹر نصیر احمد اسدکے مزاج میں ایک خاص بات محسوس کی ہے کہ وہ اپنے کام سے نہایت مخلص ہیں اور اپنی دُھن میں علمی خدمات میں ہمہ وقت مصروف نظر آتے ہیں۔ان کے اسلوب کی سادگی اور روانی بات کو بوجھل نہیں ہونے دیتی۔ ان مضامین کے مطالعہ سے قاری نہ صرف مختلف شخصیات سے متعارف ہوتا ہے بلکہ ان کی علمی خدمات سے بھی ایک حد تک مستفید ہوتا ہے۔
’’مولوی فیروز الدین ڈسکوی‘‘ اور’’مولوی ابراہیم میر سیالکوٹی‘‘ والے مضامین میں مذکورہ شخصیات سے متعلق عمدہ معلومات جمع کی گئی ہیں۔ان شخصیات کے تعارف کے ساتھ ساتھ ان کی علمی خدمات پر بھی روشنی ڈالی گئی ہے۔اسی طرح ’’سیالکوٹ میں اردو شاعری کا ارتقا‘‘ اور’’ریاض حسین چودھری ایک نعت گو شاعر‘‘ میں ناقدانہ انداز نظر سے کام لیا گیا ہے۔دیگر مضامین بھی اپنی نوعیت کے خوب صورت مضامین ہیں۔الغرض مذکورہ کتاب ان کی تحقیقی و تنقیدی بصیرت کی آئینہ دار ہے۔
ڈاکٹر محمد افضل صفی
صدر شعبہ اردو گورنمنٹ گریجوایٹ کالج ،کروڑ لعل عیسن، ضلع لیہ
For the development of human society, when male and female get into the bond of marriage, they not only crave for having long lasting relationship but also desire it to be protected and preserved. But sometimes, the state of affairs turn out in such a way that this marital bond is vitictimized by the mutual differences and grow to such an extent that husband and wife end up in divorce. Separation of a married couple is viewed as a dreadful act in any society of the world. However, sometimes a couple is better off without this relation as a result of growing differences. Different religions have suggested different waysin this regard by explaining how husband and wife can lead a detached life. Divorce is an act which breaks the agreement of marriage. Different religions propose different laws and traditions for divorce. In this paper, we will discuss divorce laws and traditions that come under Semitic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) in specific.
This study is titled as “A Study of Organizational Structure, Students Achievement and Physical Facilities at Public and Punjab Education Foundation Partner Schools in Punjab” The objectives of the study were to; 1) explore the organizational structure of Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 2) compare the achievement of students at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 3) compare the physical facilities at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 4) examine the effect of organizational structure on students achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, 5) assess the effect of school physical facilities on students achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools, and 6) forward recommendations for the conduct of further research on the subject. To achieve the above stated objectives of this study, the following research questions were made: 1) What is the difference between organizational structure of Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 2) What is the difference between the achievement of students at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 3) What is the difference in the physical facilities of Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 4) What is the effect of organizational structure on students‟ achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? 5) What is the effect of school physical facilities on students‟ achievement at Public and Punjab Education Foundation partner schools? The study was quantitative in nature. The design of the study was descriptive based on the survey of the opinions of the Head Teachers and Principals. A sample of 506 Head Teachers of Public schools and 146 Principals of Punjab Education Foundation (PEF) partner schools was drawn through multi stage random sampling technique. A self developed rating scale and checklist for gauging physical facilities (CLPF) was used as an instrument. The PEC annual results of 8th grade Public and PEF partner schools were taken as their achievement scores. The descriptives as well as inferential statistics i.e. t-test, Chi Square and Regression were computed. The predominant findings show that PEF partner schools perform better than Public schools in maximum measures of organizational structure except a few which have been picked up for this study. The performance of Public schools is better regarding students achievement as compared to PEF partner schools. The results of the study show that Public schools provided better physical facilities as compared to PEF partner schools. It could be concluded that organizational structure and physical facilities of both type of schools have direct bearing on students‟ achievement. The study recommends that 1) Highly qualified people are found at Public Schools and it necessitates the revamping of induction process to attract people in PEF partner schools alike Public schools. 2) Schooling process of PEF partner schools is better than Public schools; the same may be followed by the Public schools and PEF partner schools to go by the follow up mechanism of Public schools for the better decision making, standards for space provision, development of school congenial climate and developing job satisfaction among the staff. 3) Academics seems better at Public schools and the PEF partner schools are recommended to follow make endeavours to lesser the gap in case of urban and rural schools of Punjab Education Foundation. 4) Both types of schools are found lacking in the physical facilities like laboratory (for practicals of science subject), lifts (for disabled students), mosque (for saying prayer), transport and air conditioning (for hot season); the same put these schools under obligations to provide the earlier said facilities.