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An Investigation of Budgetary Planning As Controlling Tool a Case of Allama Iqbal Open University

Thesis Info

Author

Ghulam Dastgeer

Supervisor

Syed Muhammad Amir Shah

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

57

Subject

Management & Auxiliary Services

Language

English

Other

Call No: 658.154 GHD; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676709722873

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112. Al-Ikhlas/The Purity of Faith

112. Al-Ikhlas/The Purity of Faith

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

112:01
a. Proclaim the truth:
b. HE is Allah, the One, and Only God–
c. - the infinite, limitless, indivisible, and most unique.
d. One in Essence and Peerless in Attributes.

112:02
a. Allah, the Eternally-Besought of all at times of need while HE seeks none.

112:03
a. HE has no family.
b. Neither giving birth to nor parenting anyone: no son, no daughter, no downstream family,
c. nor being born of anyone: no parents, no siblings, no upstream family.

112:04
a. And equal or comparable to HIM is no one, has never been anyone, and shall never be any.

The Pandemic Era Digital Economy: Youth Challenges in Social Media Marketing

The field of finance, fintech, and even finance companies like insurers has become part of the world of the internet. Indeed, the digital economy has now entered the areas of shipping, banking, agriculture and urban planning. This is characterized by the usage of technologies and the internet for various uses, including digitalization, of culture. Hence the improvements in the organizational and even marketing processes to the customer element level and numerous transactional regulatory structures is important and common in industries. Youth are also facing challenges in social network marketing, including reliance on technological development, safety and privacy issues, balanced personalization and privacy, marketing transparency, uneven Internet infrastructure in ASEAN Countries, and tight competition. This is an important aspect of the youth's efforts.

Updating Techniques for Solving Linear Least Squares Problems With Equality Constraints

Linear least squares (LLS) problem is a computational problem of wide scale importance in the field of numerical linear algebra. Such problem often arises in real world applications subject to some equality constraints and is known as linear least squares problem with equality constraints (LSE). In this work, updating techniques based on QR factorization are considered as a solution tool for LSE problem. The LSE problem is first transformed into the weighted LLS problem using a suitable weighted factor w and then its solution is ap proximated by the updating techniques. The proposed updating algorithms are mainly based on Householder QR factorization. The original problem is partition into a small subproblem and then its QR factorization is com puted. The removed block of columns and rows are appended respectively and then updated the QR factorization to get the solution of the original problem. The proposed algorithms contain repeatedly updating of the QR factorization to approximate the solution of LSE problem. Moreover, the solution of an equivalent formulation of LSE problem possessing the saddle point structure is computed using updating of the QR factorization. The proposed algorithms are implemented in MATLAB and the error analysis has been carried out to study their accuracy and stability