شیخ عبدالفتاح ابو غدہ
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ مشہور فاضل شیخ عبدالفتاح ابوغدہ ریاض میں انتقال فرماگئے، ان کی تدفین مدینہ منورہ کے معروف قبرستان جنت البقیع میں ہوئی، شیخ کا وطن شام کا مشہور شہر حلب تھا، ابتدائی تعلیم شام میں اور اعلیٰ تعلیم جامعہ ازہر مصر میں پائی۔ ایک عرصہ تک شام ہی میں درس و تدریس کی خدمت انجام دیتے رہے، ۱۹۶۴ء میں محمد بن سعود یونیورسٹی ریاض میں پروفیسر مقرر ہوئے تصنیف و تالیف سے مدۃالعمر سروکار رہا، حدیث و رجال پر انکی بڑی وسیع اور گہری نظر تھی، فقہ، تاریخ و ادب سے بھی دلچسپی تھی، مولانا عبدالحئی فرنگی محلی سے خاص شغف تھا، ان کی متعدد کتابیں ایڈٹ کیں۔ مولانا حبیب الرحمن الاعظمی کے علمی تبحر اور وسعت نظر کے بڑے معترف تھے، ممتاز عالم مولانا سیدابوالحسن علی ندوی سے ان کے مخلصانہ روابط تھے جن کی دعوت پر وہ کئی بار دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء لکھنو تشریف لائے اور اس کے اور ہندوستان کے دوسرے کتب خانوں سے استفادہ کیا، ان کے تلامذہ کا حلقہ وسیع تھا، جن میں ہندوستانی فضلا بھی شامل ہیں، شیخ ابوغدہ کی وفات بڑا علمی سانحہ ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ دین و علم کے اس خادم کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی۔ مارچ ۱۹۹۷ء)
The dictionaries have played a vital role in understating and preserving any language. Arabic is a Semitic language; it has a large, deep and rich history. The Arabs have always tried to keep the Arabic language safe, but all these efforts were verbal, they did not have a tradition of writing in pre Islamic era. After the Islam they focused on writing and began the writing activities such as: exegesis of Quranic verses, Hadith and explanation of some difficult words used in Quranic verses. In the 2nd century, the first initial stage of Arabic dictionary writing began with the efforts of Al-Khalil, who is considered as a founder of Arabic dictionary writing. After that, language scholars created a great work in promotion of Arabic dictionary. Of these scholars Ibn Manzoor who sacrificed his life for the preserving Arabic language through his writing and research. And his valuable and great benefit book (Lisan-al-Arab) which is considered one of the most important source on said subject. In this Paper, we have presented an introductory and detailed study of his said book, So that Urdu readers can benefit from this scholarly investment.
This study has aimed to examine the impact of several facets of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) on retaliation process of subordinates abused by their supervisors as an individual and as a group. The social exchange theory claims that abused subordinates retaliate against the abusive supervisor and non-abused employees through manifestations of counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) but the process is quite complicated due to the power gap between a supervisor and subordinates. Therefore, the present study has integrated the attraction-selection-attrition, the moral licensing and the social exchange theory in order to unearth this process. It has proposed that subordinates use citizenship behaviors to combat adverse abusive situation; citizenship behaviors developed among abused subordinates provide them with greater strength and support in the process of retaliation. Moreover, the study has posited that good citizens of the organization have a greater tendency to react if abused by their supervisors. The study has tested the direct effects of abusive supervision on related CWBs ― CWBs towards supervisor and non-abused employees, and the mediating effect of OCBs developed among the abused peer group. In addition, this study has also tested moderating effect of OCBs-organization in the process of retaliation against supervisory abuse, at the direct and second stage. Data have been collected from financial and higher education institutes from five main cities of Pakistan. 920 usable responses have been analyzed. Hierarchal Regression, Process Macro, and Edward & Lambert‘s methods have been applied for hypotheses testing. All direct relations, mediation effect, and second stage moderation have been proved to be significant. However, the moderating effect of OCBs-organization at direct stage has been proved to be non-significant. Conclusively, findings have supported the claims of mediating and moderating effects of OCBs in retaliation process of an abused employee.