بین الریاستی تعلقات میں اسلام کا تصورِصلح

Foreign policy is one of the wheels with which process of international politics operates. It is not separate from the national policy. It is an important tool to relate the relations to other countries. Foreign policies consist of aims and measures that are intended to guide government decisions and actions with regard to external affairs, particularly relations with foreign countries. Friendly, non-threatening and peace-loving attitude seems to be the hallmarks of most states. Yet on the other hand, there could be some countries that act as hostile and aggressive and there is hardly any world force that can constrain them. A basic and age-old problem of state systems arises from here:  national security. Many states deploy armed forces to deal this particular problem. Usually, states coexist and deal with each other without breaking the internal hegemony. So the main issues of mankind are war and peace. A great emphasis has been put in Islam in the field of international relations. Islam developed a different structure and gave a distinct understanding of international relations. Islam offers a complete handbook on international relations through his teachings. Peace works as root in the relation of countries. Securing the world peace and settling disputes and anarchy are the core aims of Islamic teaching.

Analyzing the Relationship Between Batch-Sizing and Bullwhip Effect in Two-Tire Supply Chain: A Case Study of Selected Pakistani Rice Firms

This study attempts to investigate the relationship between batch-sizing and bullwhip effect in the Supply Chain dynamics in the rice firms of Pakistan. For carrying out this research, the data has been collected from the demand and sales sheets of a group of four large rice distributors and manufacturers (two each) from the districts of Lahore and Islamabad, Pakistan. This was done to make up two-tier supply chain as one manufacturer and one distributor was required for two-tier to complete the chain. Since this was a case study, therefore data from four firms were considered sufficient to examine the demand and inventory patterns of the selected tiers. The research comprises two case studies from each tier. Consistent with the earlier studies, the researcher applied simulation modeling technique to estimate the likely trends of the selected rice firms for two consecutive years from December 2007 to December 2009. The data was analyzed using simulation technique that produced results, showing a non-linear relationship between batch-size and bull-whip effect. The contribution of this research is two-fold. Firstly, the current research is an extension of a study by Hussain and Drake (2011) that analyzes the relationship between batch size and bullwhip effect as non-monotonic, whereby the size of the remainder of quotient determines the value of bullwhip effect. Secondly, the batch size has less frequently been studied in the context of bullwhip effect; hence the researcher has extended strength to the existing supply chain model. This study helps the supply chain practitioners and managers to understand and minimize negative effects of bullwhip by proper batch sizing and taking measures to control excessive inventory investment, capacity, poor customer level, lost revenues, decision making, reduced productivity, sub-optimal production and transportation. The study also provides implications for researchers and academicians. The study suggests the future researchers to conduct further research on bullwhip effect for other industries in Pakistan, especially for wholesalers and retailers.