Effective Moral Ethics Education at the Undergraduate Level in Pakistan: The Role of Curriculum

Ethical Education is an optional subject in lieu of Islamic Studies for non-Muslim students in Pakistan from primary to undergraduate level. The main aim of this study is to discuss factors which can help to design a Moral Ethic curriculum which would assist the teachers to educate an individual with his/her own identity, to assimilated by ethical values with developed moral judgment and behavior established by an individual’s beliefs. Students can show a positive attitude towards themselves and others and be able to work together and support others. In this perspective, we also illustrated that moral education helped those people who respect social norms and behave sensibly in any situation belonged to present or future. Therefore, the main objective of this research paper is to establish the necessary elements that should be the part of an effective Moral Ethics curriculum in order to create a democratic and educational environment where everyone can respect for others’ beliefs and stop violating others’ feelings on the basis of freedom of speech.  In this study, our targeted readers were included teachers of Moral Ethics, policy makers at different levels, and curriculum developers.

Effect of 24-Epibrassinolide on Flower Production and Comparison of Essential Oil Extraction Techniques for Jasminum Sambac L.

Jasminum samabac is one of the ancient fragrant flowers cultivated globally. In spite of ornamental purpose it is also cultivated for extraction of essential oil which is accredited as king of fragrance. As it contributes in beautification of any garden or public place extraction of valuable products so a tremendous potential for the development of essential oil industry based on this plant. The current investigation were conducted to evaluate the effect of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) on morphological, physiological, biochemical and reproductive behavior along with essential oil contents of Jasminum sambac. EBL was exogenically applied (foliar spray) in four concentrations i.e. 1, 2, 3 and 4 μM. 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) having concentration 2 μM performed better in almost all attributes including essential oil contents as compared to rest of treatments. On the other hand, SCFE optimization experiment, T3=40 oC/ 100 Bar gave excellent results. Physio-chemical, yield attributes and chemical components identification through GC- MS was exhibited promising outcomes. Comparative efficacy of different essential oil extraction techniques was also assessed. Essential oil was extracted by Supercritical Fluid extraction (SCFE) and hydro distillation. An optimized protocol was established for the extraction of essential oil from Jasminum sambac through supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) technique. This technique performed better as compared to hydro distillation. In Supercritical Fluid extraction (SCFE), CO2 was used as solvent for getting concrete oil. The concrete was processed to convert it to absolute oil. Jasminum sambac had concrete oil yield of 0.334%, whereas it had absolute oil yield of 0.021%. Physio-chemical studies of absolute oil were also conducted which indicated color as clear yellow to light brown, refractive index as 1.49, specific gravity as 0.964 and congealing point of the concrete as 20°C. Different chemical components contained in the essential oil were identified by GC-MS analysis. The maximum number of chemical components identified from single essential oil sample was 35. The present studies revealed that Jasminum sambac can be successfully cultivated on commercial scale in the country for the extraction of essential oil with promising results.