المبحث الخامس: الشوق للقاء الحبيب
قصيدة "أشواق و أحزان" لنازك الملائكة([1])
أین منّي حرارۃُ الأمسِ ، والحا
ضرّ یمشي بین الأسی والخمود ؟
آسفاً للماضي الإلھيّ ھل ما
تت أغان في فؤادي الوحید ؟
آہِ یا شاعري لماذا تھاوی
تِ بعیداً وراءَ أمسي البعیدِ ؟
وأنا لم أزل صلاۃً لعینَی
کَ وإعصار لھفۃٍ وشرودِ
آہِ ھل غابَ عن ظلام حیاتي
کلّ ما کان لھفۃً وفتونا ؟
کیف ضاع الحبُّ الإلھيّ یا طا
ئري الحرّ فانفجرت ظنونا ؟
وأنا لم أزلّ فؤاداً علی الشو
قِ يداري([2] ) غرامہُ المدفونا([3])
لیتني کنت بحتُ یا حُلمَ الرو
حِ وأعلنتُ حبّي المکنونا([4] )
کیف مرّت أیّامنا کیف مرّت
بین فکّ الأشواقِ والأحزانِ ؟
ملء قلبي وقلبکُ الحبُّ والشّوْ
قُ ولکن نلوذ بالکتمان
کلّما حدّثتکَ عیناي بالحبّ
أعاقبُ عینيَّ بالحرمانِ
کیف یا شاعري کتمنا ولم یَع
ص کیوبیدَ قبلنا عاشقانِ؟
کیف ضاعتُ عواطفي؟ کیف أنسَو
کَ غرامي وحیرتي ووفاءي؟
ملأوا قلبک النبیل أباطي
ل وصاغوا كواذبَ الأنباء
وقضیتُ الأیّام أذرف إحسا
...
Psychosocial nurturing of children is linked with Parenting and personality development theories and child development theories too report evidences of influences of parenting on children nurturing. The purpose of this paper is to explore existing parenting styles in current literature and how these parenting styles influence upon and form the personality of the children in their early years. The paper aims to examine parenting with reference to authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, permissive parenting and uninvolved parenting. It discussed the expectations and responsiveness of the parents which determine their behavior and style. Through parenting, psychosocial nurturing of the children is determined and it was explained in existing literature and analyzed in Islamic teachings. The study followed a critical interpretivist method which examined the literature and conducted content analysis. The study examines the parenting concept and parenting style in Islamic teachings. Islam lays special emphasis on communication and attitude of the parents towards their children particularly in early childhood. Parenting style in Islamic teaching displays a loving and guiding mode. It is less demanding and more responsive in early years. Parenting in Islamic teaching encourages developing tolerance, harmony and peace. It shows flexibility to accept children’s dispositions and tries to discipline their inner faculties. Islamic teachings expect from parents to be responsive with love and passion. It gives children freedom to talk, walk, think and act in a carefree environment where they can become socially and emotionally strong. Parenting in Islam accepts children’s interests and attitudes with positive responses and respects their rights with warmth and love. It particularly develops moral awareness so that children can distinguish between right and wrong and also understand that they need to abide by rules and regulations. Lastly literature also reports that parenting in Islam does not allow any sort of harassment, coercion, frightening and unjust environment for the little angels.
Present study is about Skimmia laureola and Zanthoxylum armatum belonging to Family Rutaceae, comprises phytosociology, ethnobotany, pharmacognostic study, physicochemical and pharmacological activities of these plants. Phytosociological attributes of S. laureola were studied in six different localities of khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan showing that this plant grows gregariously in laomy and clay loamy soil at high altitude ranging from 2400- 3400 meters toward North facing slopes. S. laureola was found dominent in five out of six localities in association with a total of 44 plants with a density of 312 to 4437.5 hectare-1. Various other ecological, ethnobotanical and commercial aspects of the plants are also worked out. Similar studies of Z. armatum showed that the plants grows in association with 51 species on the North and North West slopes in the foothills of khyber Pukhtunkhwa at an elevation of 850- 1600 meters with a density ranging from 560 to 1020 hectare-1. Pharmacognostic study included leaf and bark of S. laureola and leaf, bark and fruit of Z. armatum. Leaf of S. laureola is punctate with glabrous surfaces. Transverse section of the leaf through the midrib region showed usual bifacial structure with prominent oil cavities in the midrib regions. Other leaf features such as palisade ratio (7.8±0.21), vein islets number (15.4±0.63 per mm2), vein termination number (19.1±0.43 per mm2), stomatal number (196.1±3.07 per mm2) and stomatal index (12.96±0.14) were worked out. Eight different stomatal types were detected, in which actinostephanocytic was the most frequently occurring one . Stomatal cluster was also observed. Morphology and anatomy of Z. armatum was also carried out. Leaf of this plant lacks any type of trichome, where as in the midrib region, prominent oil cavities were observed. Palisade ratio (8.2±0.32), vein islets number (16.8±0.64 per mm2), vein termination number (11.3±0.47 per mm2), stomatal number (122.1±4.32 per mm2) and stomatal index (12.32± 0.26) were cworked out. Anatomy of Z. armatum fruit showed two portion i.e. fruit wall and seed, the later being non endospermic and contained small elongated embryo. Powder drug microscopy of the parts was carried out. Ash analysis for both plants were carried out. Results of qualitative and quantitative preliminary phytochemical screenings of selected parts of S. laureola and Z. armatum are given, showing the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, phytosterols, triterpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanins, saponins, glycosides, fixed and volatile oils. Similarly results of extractive values and fluorescence analysis are also given. Elemental analysis showed presence of Zn, Mn and Cr in fairly good amounts and may contribute to hypoglycemic effect of these plants. Correlations among various elements were also determined. Proximate analysis of both plants showed carbohydrate, proteins, fibers, fats and moisture contents in fairly large amounts. Results of essential oils obtained from the leaves of S. laureola (SVO) and Z. armatum (ZVO) and fixed oils (ZHO and ZEO) from the fruit of Z. armatum, extracted with different solvents were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics including color, odor, % yield, density, optical activity, refractive index, specific gravity, carbon residue, absolute viscosity, kinematic viscosity, total acid number, iodine number and saponification value are presented. A total 31 different components in SVO and 34 in ZVO, 14 in ZHO and 14 in ZEO were identified through GC-MC analysis and their percent concentration is given. Toxicological studies showed that both plants are safe for human use. Antipyretic effect was found dose dependant. SLE showed maximum antipyretic action of 72.31%, ZLE showed 85.42 percent pyrexia inhibition of whereas ZFE showed a maximum antipyretic action of 83.84%. Hypoglycemic effect of SLE was found to be dose dependent and like the standard allopathic drug and it induced reduction of blood glucose level after 2 hour of dose administration. All the doses showed significant reduction (p < 0.05) in glucose level at 6th hour post administration, but 300 mg/Kg body weight dose showed maximum reduction of blood glucose level at 6 hour (80.54±0.04). Antispasmodic effects of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of leaf (SLE, SLH), bark (SBE, SBH) and leaf essential oil (SVO) of S. laureola and ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of leaf (ZLE, ZLH), bark (ZBE, ZBH), fruit (ZBE, ZBH) and leaf essential oil of Z. armatum on the isolated rabbit jejunum for both spontaneous and KCl induced contractions showed that SVO and ZVO were the most efficient one, causing 100 % relaxation of the smooth muscles at very low concentrations, thus providing a scientific proof for its ethnopharmacological use as an antispasmodic drug. The two plants were also evaluated for cytotoxic, phytotoxic, antibacterial and anti fungal activities. SLE, SLH and SVO of S. laurola and ZBE, ZBH and ZVO of Z. armatum showed outstanding cytotoxic results with LD50 values of 5.34, 7.44, 11.01, 16.79 17.06 and 15.90 μg/ml. respectively. Lemna minor phytotoxicity asssay of SBE showed 100% inhibition at 1000 μg/ml followed by SBH, SLE and SLH with FI50 of 25, 1.38, 4.54 and 8.67 μg/ml respectively. ZBE, ZFE and ZLH also showed excellent inhibitions with FI50 values of 7.98, 9.24 and 19.13 μg/ml respectively. Antibacterial bioassays showed that all the samples were effective against various bacterial strains (Micrococcus leutus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus viridanes). SVO and ZVO being the highly effective against all the test strains. Results of various extracts of both plants against various bacterial strains are presented in this dissertation. Dose dependent antifungal activities against test species (Trichophyton longifusis, Candida albicans, Fusarium solani, Microsporum canis, Aspergillus flavus and Candida glabrata) were found for all the samples but SVO and ZVO inhabited all the test strains and C. albicans, A. flauus, T. longifusis and F. solani being the most susceptible species. The present study has revealed the immense and diverse medicinal properties of S. laureola and Z. armatum, both can be exploited for therapeutic preparations on commercial scale.