Status and Necessity of Second Marriage in Islam

The Arabic word "عائلہ" ʿĀʾilah is customary to refer to wife and home. In Urdu language, the appropriate substitutes for this word are clan and family whereas a "family" usually comprises husband, wife and kids. Family life is also known as domestic life which is not merely a pillar of a society but also is its foundation. A home is the basic unit of domestic life and society. Contentment, peace and stability of a home depend on good and pleasant relations between husband and wife. In case the understanding between husband and wife are deficient, their relations suffer largely and become weak. Islam assigns increased significance to a firm family system in the human society. It is the family environment which is the beginning of human life. A family is the basic natural institution of human society which sustains since the time of Adam (A.S.), and as long as human societies exist, the status of family will also survive and prevail. Each human child coming into this world takes birth in a family where it is brought up to flourishes in family environment. The present-day secular environment, secular education and a society lacking the teachings of Allāh and Messenger Muḥammad (S.A.W.) has deviated the Muslims from their real objective of life and the thought about the life hereafter. Today’s Muslim carries the tendency of leading his life according to his own free will and desires instead of leading his life according to the teachings of the holy Qurʾān and the tradition of the Messenger Muḥammad (S.A.W.). He feel highly uncomfortable to pass his life as per instructions contained in the holy Qurʾān and the tradition of Muḥammad (S.A.W.). Various institutions and so-called NGOs in the name of women’s rights and enlightenment are causing increased complexities for women. Today, woman is getting far and farther from her home and households. On the plea of enlightenment and freedom she is getting away from the religious teachings, her husband and also from her children. The state under influence of these organizations has, without appropriate consideration and detailed thought, framed laws against a second marriage. This legislation has affected the society and opened way for more perversion, distance from the faith and several other social complexities which instead of finding some solution are becoming more and more intricate.

Evaluation and Optimization of Mixed Wheat Flour in Relation to End Product Quality

Lack of soft wheat variety and classification of wheats according to end product, baking industry faces continuous problems with the stability and quality of products. The current research work was undertaken to characterize different (six) Pakistani wheat varieties for physicochemical, rheological, nutritional characteristics and to check multivariate association among these characteristics with special reference to cookie quality prepared from wheats of varying extraction rates (study-I). In study-II, different levels of chemical treatments (sodium stearoyl 2-lactylate (SSL), L-cysteine and Lecithin) and shortenings (fat, oil, and margarine) were applied on mixed wheat flour to choose best level on the basis of sensorial and physical characteristics of cookies. Furthermore, selected levels of chemical treatments, shortening and physical treatments (heat) were compared regarding sensory, physico-chemical and nutritional attributes of cookies (study-III). Significant variation among wheat varieties were observed with respect to particle size index (PSI), thousand kernel weight (TKW), test weight (TW), pearling value, water solvent retention capacity (WSRC), sodium carbonate solvent retention capacity (SCSRC) and dough rheological parameters. Fatty acids like, Stearic, Elaidic, Caprylic acids were observed abundantly in wheat flours, and comparatively better fatty acid profile was observed in “Punjab 2011” and “Galaxy 2013”. Cookies prepared from flours of varying extraction rate imparted significant variation on color and overall acceptability of cookies while interaction of wheat variety and extraction rate imparted significant (p<0.05) variation on taste and texture of cookies. In most of the sensory parameters, it was observed that cookies prepared from high extraction rate i.e. 72-74% (stream split flour) gained high score and among wheat varieties, cookies prepared from flour of “Millat 2011” attained better score than cookies prepared from flour of other wheats. Spread factor (SF) of cookies was correlated with PSI (r = -0.63), pelshenke value (r = -0.62), water absorption (WA) (r = -0.60) and mixographic peak height (MPH) (r = 0.85).Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that PC1 accounted for 30.68% of variation for MPH, SF, peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity and damaged starch being the major factors. While, PC2 accounted for 21.29% variation with flour rheological properties like dough development time, dough stability, pasting temperature, trough viscosity, falling number and TW were the major factors. Based on sensory and physical characteristics (diameter, thickness, spread factor and textural hardness), it was concluded that “T1” (SSL @ 0.5%), “T4” (L-cysteine @ 0.5%), “T9” (oil + margarine) and “T11” (lecithin @ 1%) provided better quality cookies when applied on mixed wheat flour during study-II. In study–III, significant deviation in physical parameters like diameter (3.96-4.66cm), thickness (0.99-1.21cm), spread factor (37.32-46.03), color like L* (58.99-70.01), a* (0.80-2.61), b* (15.36-22.37) and hardness (2.09-2.89) of cookies was observed due to selected treatments. Among these, cookies prepared from Lecithin (@ 1%) and SSL (@ 0.5%) got high score in sensory evaluation, in textural hardness cookies prepared with SSL showed better results and regarding spread factor of cookies best results were observed in SSL (@ 0.5%) and in lecithin (@ 1%). Among fatty acids of cookies, abundantly found fatty acids were palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, myristoleic acid and oleic acid. Highest amount of palmitoleic acid (9.84%) and stearic acid (8.81%) was observed in “T4” (Lecithin @1%) while least amount was observed in “T3” (oil + margarine) and “T1” (SSL @ 0.5%) respectively. Therefore, current study suggested that SSL @ 0.5% and lecithin @ 1% can be incorporated in cookie recipe to minimize variation (occurred due to mixed wheat flour) in quality attributes of cookies.