براؤن، ایڈورڈ
علمی دنیا میں نئے سال کا سب سے افسوس ناک سانحہ مشہور انگریز مستشرق پروفیسر ایڈورڈ جی براؤن کی وفات ہے، موصوف نے اس مہینہ کے آغاز میں غالباً ساٹھ پینسٹھ سال کی تخمینی عمر میں انتقال کیا، وہ پہلے کیمبرج میں فارسی کے لکچرر تھے، پھر ۱۹۰۲ء میں وہ عربی کے پروفیسر مقرر ہوئے، انھوں نے طب کی تعلیم بھی حاصل کی تھی، عربی میں وہ پروفیسر پامر کے شاگرد تھے، ان کی سب سے جامع، مسبوط اور مشہور تصنیف لٹریری ہسٹری آف پرشیا کی ضخیم جلدیں ہیں، موصوف نہ صرف علمی حیثیت سے بلکہ ایک بے تعصب عالم، ایک ہمدرد مشرق اور ایک شریف انسان ہونے کے لحاظ سے بھی نہایت بلند درجہ تھے، قومی تنگ ظرفی اور مذہبی عصبیت سے وہ قطعاً مبرا تھے، ان آنکھوں کو یہ عزت حاصل ہے کہ انھوں نے مرنے والے کی زیارت کی تھی، آئندہ معارف میں ان کے کچھ حالات سپرد قلم ہوں گے، ہندوستان میں ان کو ہم سے بہتر جاننے والے اشخاص بلکہ ان کے شاگرد موجود ہیں، کیا بہتر ہو اگر ان میں سے کوئی صاحب ہماری مدد فرمائیں اور براؤن پر ایک عمدہ مضمون لکھ کر عنایت فرمائیں اور اگر احباب پسند کریں تو معارف کا ایک نمبر صرف براؤن پر شائع کیا جائے کہ ان کے احسانات کا یہ ادنیٰ ترین معاوضہ ہے۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۲۶ء)
The Arabic language is the language of the Holy Quran, which has become an immortal language because of the immortality of the Holy Quran as it says: "Surely We have revealed the Reminder and We will most surely be its guardian." It is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, especially since the language is the means of communication among the peoples of the world. Communication and technological techniques in learning and teaching the Arabic language taking into account the elements of the educational process (student, teacher and curriculum), according to the requirements of the age, and the development of the mechanisms of teaching the Arabic language with modern technologies that keep up with the times and developments. The aim of the research is to explain the impact of modern means of communication on the teaching of the Arabic language according to several axes: definition of the language, definition of the language in Arabic and the strategy of its publication, the definition of the modern means of communication and their types in the teaching of the Arabic language. The analytical approach will be used in this study. The researcher concluded at the end of this study to prove that the Arabic language faces many challenges in light of the great progress of the modern means of communication and technical progress; and that there are many obstacles in the use of educational technology in the teaching of the Arabic language, which prevents the achievement of the objectives of education. Solutions to this problem are, thus, suggested so as to improve the Arabic language and maintain its position among the languages of the world.
Pakistan is one of the major cotton producing country of the world while per acre yield is lower as compared to others cotton producing countries. According to prevailing conditions, different factors are involved in low per acre yield. Study based to estimate the technical efficiency of cotton farmers in the Southern Punjab of Pakistan namely the two districts Rahim Yar Khan and Muzaffargarh. Data was collected from 450 farmers (225 farmers to each district) for the crop year 2010-11. Technical efficiency was estimated through stochastic frontier production function procedure. The mean technical efficiency of district Rahim Yar Khan is 0.86 which ranges to 0.16 to 0.96 while the mean technical efficiency of district Muzaffargarh is 0.76 which ranges to 0.32 to 0.98. Results of study points out farmers of district Rahim Yar Khan could increase their production 0.14 through using the prevailing resources efficiently and farmers of district Muzaffargarh could increase their production 0.24 through using the prevailing resources efficiently. It points out that a wide gap is prevailing in the both districts which could be achieved through the efficiently using the prevailing resources. Production elasticity estimates indicate that planted area, seed, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer, family labor and irrigation play the significant role in the cotton production in both districts. Pesticides positively effects in cotton production of district Rahim Yar Khan due to proper quality and quantity use according to recommended level while pesticides having the adverse effect on cotton production in district Muzaffargarh due to poor quality and over dose of spraying. Determinants of technical inefficiency age reduce the technical inefficiency in district Rahim Yar Khan while it increases the technical inefficiency in Muzaffargarh. The reason lying that aged farmers in Rahim Yar Khan are more efficient than young farmers are because they are experienced, familiar with new inventions in cultivations and willing to adopting such changes while the aged farmers in Muzaffargarh are conservative minded and limited to outdated traditional methods of cultivation. Education, family size, facility of credit, own tubewell, contact to agriculture extension and sowing seed timely reduces the technical inefficiency in both districts. Farm size and tenancy status owner cultivation increases inefficiency of farmers in Rahim Yar Khan while it decreases the inefficiency in Muzaffargarh. Large farm size causes the management problems to owners so it negatively effects the cotton production in Rahim Yar Khan while the farm size not much larger in Muzaffargarh and owners having no management problems. Canal water shortage increases the technical inefficiency in both districts. Cotton production could be increased through development of modern technology and efficient use of available resources.