شیخ ظہور الحسن
افسوس ہے کہ شیخ ظہورالحسن صاحب سابق ریوینیو سکریٹری حکومت اتر پردیش نے کراچی میں انتقال کیا، وہ اپنے محکمہ کے ماہر اور اس صوبے کے لائق ترین عہدہ داروں میں تھے، حکومت میں ان کا بڑا وقار تھا، عملاً بڑے مذہبی اور دیندار تھے، مذہبی مطالعہ وسیع تھا، دینی کاموں سے بڑی دلچسپی تھی، ترک وطن سے پہلے دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے رکن تھے، کئی سال ہوئے ریٹائرڈ ہوچکے تھے، ان کے لڑکے پاکستان میں بڑے عہدوں پر تھے، لیکن وہ خود ہندوستان ہی میں مقیم رہے، ۱۹۶۵ء کی جنگ سے کچھ پہلے لڑکوں سے ملنے کراچی گئے تھے، اسی دوران میں جنگ چھڑگئی، اس لیے لڑکوں کے اصرار سے وہاں مستقل قیام اختیار کرلیا، اور وہیں قلبی دورے میں وفات پائی، مسلمان عہدہ داروں میں ایسے لائق اور دیندار کم ہوتے ہیں، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس مرد مومن کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۷۲ء)
Herbal medicines, complementary or alternative medicines is a wide term for the therapies that are not part of standard care but it has many theories regarding efficacy based on personal experiences, history and common knowledge. It has long been used since ancient times since the beginning of human civilization. Its use had caught much attention in the early 1800s, with the development in the science of chemistry, a new era in pharmacotherapeutics and the use of active chemical ingredients in plants which were known to produce favorable therapeutic effects, were explored, active compounds were extracted, purified and their structure was revealed. This advancement paved the way towards modern pharmaceutical therapy. The modern drugs are based on these herbal medicines, after extracting the active and pure chemical compounds. Pharmacokinetics and physicochemical properties of the active ingredients was explored. It lead to the better understanding of efficacy and safety profile of these drugs and first choice for treatment of various diseases. At the same time, the herbal medicines were considered as secondarily important. After approximately two centuries, the use of herbal medicines have seen a revival globally both in developing as well as developed countries. In the past few years, the practice of using herbal medicines as an alternative and complementary health medicine has gained more importance. Herbal medicines are common for treatment of various ailments including cancer, digestive disorders, pain related disorders, neuropathic ailments and cardiac arrhythmias etc. Even it has been used by pregnant females and mostly perceived as safe. Its use has gained more attraction due to its ‘natural’ approach and lesser side effects. Their use if often overlooked but physicians should pay attention to these medicines. There is lack of familiarity, standardization of the drug components, unproven therapeutic effects in various diseases, unexplored toxicology, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and compatibility in patients with varying medical, genetic and demographic history. There are serious concerns regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of herbal products and nutraceuticals. Accidental contamination and deliberate adulteration are assumed to be the main cause of the side effects. Much of the herbal medical knowledge is scattered in different regions of the world and mostly available at family, community and local level and mostly in any native languages. There is need of coherent sources, knowledge, and exploration of these medicines across the world. The herbal medicine has varying diversity in different geological regions and they should be investigated. There should be a regional or national body to control and approve the herbal medicines. Proper documentations on these medicines and food supplements should also be done.
Teaching is a complex phenomenon as teachers perform a wide range of activities for variety of purposes. Understanding quality of mathematics teaching is even more complex as different people have different perceptions of 'effective' mathematics teaching. Educators from international context describe effective mathematics teaching a way teachers presents the subject matter to. the learners so it arouses their interest towards learning. Effective mathematics teaching for some is to provide caring environment where students learn mathematics independently and collaboratively. In other contexts, effective teaching is considered as engagement of students in worthwhile tasks to helps them create connections between different mathematical concepts and also between mathematics and everyday experiences. The literature review suggests that effective teaching is not a universal trait as its notion is different in different contexts. Also, it is very important to study notion of effective teaching among different stake holders within a context to make sense of teachers' and students' action in the class. The purpose of this study was to explore the notions of students, teachers and head teachers about effective mathematics teaching in union council Chatorkhand Gilgit-Baltistan. I selected three high schools two from government education department and one AKES, P school for this study. Six mathematics teachers, three head teachers and thirty six students participated in this study. I used semi structured interview and classroom observations to collect the data. The findings from the verbal data from students, teachers and head teachers reveal that these stakeholders to a great extent have similar notions about effective mathematics teaching. They all consider that collaborative interactive teaching is better for students' learning as compared to individualistic and teacher centered teaching. However, the classroom practice in that context does not fit with their understanding of best teaching. It seems that they do not teach in a manner which they consider best, though they still consider it their best teaching.