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Cellular Automata over Racks

Thesis Info

Author

Khuram Shahzad, Muhammad

Supervisor

Naqeeb-Ur-Rehman

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

vi, 68.

Subject

Mathematics

Language

English

Other

Call No: 511.35 KHC; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676709789913

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اندھیروں میں کھلا کیسا دریچہ

اندھیروں میں کھلا کیسا دریچہ
حرا سے روشنی دیتا دریچہ

نہ جانے کب کہیں سے نعت اُترے
خیالوں کا کھلا رکھا دریچہ

سدا آئے صدا صلِّ علیٰ کی
نبیؐ کے ذکر کا رسیا دریچہ

ہوائے سبز آتی ہے وہاں سے
بنا ہے گنبدِ خضرا دریچہ

ہوئی مدت مدینے حاضری کی
کھلا ہے اب بھی یادوں کا دریچہ

بہ رنگِ اجتہاد، اجماع ِ اُمت
یہی ہے فِکر تازہ کا دریچہ

مجھے سرشار رکھتا ہے یہ گھر میں
مدینے کی طرف رکھا دریچہ

سخن کو معتبر رکھتا ہے ہر دم
یہ رنگِ نعت میں ڈوبا دریچہ

فلسفہ نماز اور مکافات عمل

Prayer [al-Ṣalāh] is the second most important pillar of Islām. This is the ritual which is supposed to be offered by all the Muslims, who come of age and are sane, regardless of their status and wealth. Following the acceptance of Islām, offering Prayer is the foremost obligation of a Muslim, which is considered the prime manifestation and the testimony of his or her practical submission to Allāh and His religion, Islām. Faith in Allāh is the foundation of Islām, in the same way, Prayer is the practical foundation of Islām. Therefore, the Prophet (S. A. W) laid stress on the significance of Prayer, the most. Only those, who are steadfast in their Prayers and safeguard them are really aware of its importance, and only they can expect from Allāh to give them their reward, thus, they are the true believers. The importance and reality of Prayer can be understood only by that person who is well aware of this relation between man and Allāh and only he can feel its true spiritual pleasure. The effects of Prayer are prominently visible in the daily life of Muslims. The history of Prayer is as old as the religion itself. Its concept has been a part of all the religions, however, they have different ways to perform it. In this paper, the author explores the Islamic academic sources to ascertain the importance and the status of Prayer in Islām. Also, he explores its history, the tidings and remuneration of Prayer and of the rites and rituals belonging to it, e. G., Mosque, Āzān, Iqāmat, Rukū‘ (to bow down), Prostration, Maintenance of Ranks, etc.

Optical Character Recognition for Printed Urdu Nastaliq Font

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is one of the most investigated pattern classification problems that has received remarkable research attention for more than half a century. From the simplest systems recognizing isolated digits to end-to-end recognition systems, applications of OCRs vary from postal mail sorting to reading systems in scene images facilitating autonomous navigation or assisting the visually impaired. Despite tremendous research endeavors and availability of commercial recognition engines for many scripts, recognition of cursive scripts still remains an open and challenging research problem mainly due to the complexity of script, segmentation issues and large number of classes to recognize. Among these, Urdu makes the subject of our study. More specifically, this study investigates the recognition of printed Urdu text in Nastaliq style, the most widely employed script for Urdu text that is more complex than the Naskh style of Arabic. This work presents a holistic (segmentation-free) technique that exploits ligatures (partial words) as units of recognition. Urdu has a total of more than 26,000 unique ligatures, many of the ligatures, however, share the same main body (primary ligature) and differ only in the number and position of dots and diacritics (secondary ligatures). We exploit this idea to separately recognize the primary and secondary ligatures and later re-associate the two to recognize the complete ligature. Recognition is carried out using two techniques; the first of these is based on hand-crafted statistical features using hidden Markov models (HMMs). Features extracted using sliding windows are used to train a separate model for each ligature class. Feature sequences of the query ligature are fed to all the models and recognition is carried out through the model that reports the maximum probability. The second technique employs Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to automatically extract useful feature representations from the classes and recognize the ligatures. We investigated the performance of a number of pre-trained networks using transfer learning techniques and trained our own set of networks from scratch as well. Experimental study of the system is carried out on two benchmark datasets of Urdu text, the ‘Urdu Printed Text Images’ (UPTI) database and the ‘Center of Language Engineering’ (CLE) database. A number of experimental scenarios are considered for system evaluation and the realized recognition rates are compared with state-of-the-art recognition systems for printed Urdu text. An interesting aspect of experimental study is the combination of unique ligatures in the two datasets to generate a large set of around 2800 unique primary and secondary ligatures covering a major proportion of the Urdu corpus. The system reports high classification rates (88.10% and 94.78% on CLE and UPTI query ligatures respectively) demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed recognition techniques which can be adapted for other cursive scripts as well. The findings of this study are expected to be useful for the document recognition community in general and researchers targeting cursive scripts in particular.