مولوی مظہرالحق صاحب پٹنہ
جس طرح ہمارا پرانا سال ایک بڑے قومی حادثہ یعنی پرانی تعلیم کے ایک بہترین نمونہ (مولانا حبیب الرحمان عثمانی دیوبندی) کے دائمی فقدان پر ختم ہوا، اسی طرح ہمارے نئے سال کا آغاز بھی ایک بڑے قومی حادثہ یعنی نئی تعلیم کے ایک بہترین نمونہ (مولوی مظہرالحق صاحب بیرسٹر پٹنہ) کی دائمی جدائی سے ہوا، مولوی مظہرالحق صاحب مرحوم کی قومی و سیاسی حیثیت تو الگ ہے، ان کی اخلاقی اور علمی حیثیت بھی کچھ کم قابل ذکر نہیں ہے، وہ فارسی سے واقف، عربی سے آشنا، انگریزی کے ادیب و خطیب اور فلسفہ کے نہایت دقیقہ رس طالبعلم تھے، ان کے علمی کارناموں کا آغاز طوفان نوح کی بحث سے ہوا، الپنچ پٹنہ اور وقت گورکھپور ان کے ابتدائی علمی مباحث کے جولان گاہ تھے، ان کی سب سے آخری علمی تحریر غالباً وہ ہے جو ابھی ابھی پونہ سے شائع ہونے والی انگریزی کی کتاب تصوف و روحانیت پر مقدمہ ہے، وہ نسباً فاروقی تھے، اس لئے ان کی اخلاقی قوت و جرأت کیا سلطنت اور کیا قوم دونوں کے مقابلہ میں برابر تھی، وہ جس کو حق سمجھتے تھے اس کے اظہار میں نہ ان کو سلطنت کی پروا ہوتی تھی اور نہ قوم کی، ان کا یوروپین طرز معاشرت کو الوداع کہہ کر وفعتہ مشرقی اور غالی مشرقی بن جانا ان کی بے مثال اخلاقی جرأت کا نمونہ ہے، مرحوم کی آخری عمر روح و روحانیت کی تحقیق میں صرف ہوئی، خدا ان کی روح کو اپنی مغفرت کی لازوال دولت سے مالا مال کرے، اب وہ وہاں پہنچ چکی ہے، جہاں کے کشف زار کے لئے وہ بے قرار تھی۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۳۰ء)
Imbibing reading habits is an essential skill necessary in the acquisition of knowledge, which is highly demanding in the life of every student in the academic environment. However, as modern technological resources keep on advancing, the reading habits of students are also changing with reading on screen. This study examined the reading habits of college sophomore students as affected by technological resources. The survey instruments, distributed to 254 college sophomore students at the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College, allowed the respondents to assess their reading habits in terms of reading hours, reading purposes, reading content, and reading attitude, with the technological resources as their tool. The data gathered in the study was analyzed statistically using the simple frequency count and percentage, mean, and Pearson correlation. The findings revealed that the college sophomores achieved an average level in their English subjects. In addition, it was found that the technology resources were moderately adequate to be used for reading among the college sophomores. Despite this, the results still showed that college sophomore students spent 2-3 hours a day reading, primarily in preparation for their exams. In addition, they read the available reading content moderately often, and they perceive a positive attitude towards the use of technological resources for reading. Furthermore, it was revealed that there is a significant relationship between reading habits and academic achievements. The study's findings will be used to improve instructional approaches and to launch e-reading initiatives in colleges.
This dissertation communicates an analytical exploration of the vegetational profile of Nandiar Khuwar Catchment area, District Battagram, Pakistan. The Nandiar Khuwar Catchment starting from the alpine pastures in the east and stretches towards the famous Indus River in the west. The area provides a variety of geo-climatic regimes within a sharp relief of 525-3817m with total land area of 1301km2. Based upon physiognomy of the vegetation, the study area was divided into 80 stands. Sum 324 vascular plants species belong to 97 families were recorded among which, 157 plant species medicinally important. The most diverse stand was Rajmira followed by Jaro in term of Shannon Diversity Index and Species Richness. The widely distributed species in the study area were Fragaria nubicola and Adiantum capillus-veneris recorded in 53 stands out of 80 stands. With respect to phenology, the maximum plant species flowered in April-July (68.5%) and maximum plant species showed fruiting in May-August. Among life form classes, phanerophytes were dominant with 118 (36.4%) followed by therophytes group with 82 (24.05%) species. The leaf size spectra were dominated by microphyll with 137 (40.2%) followed by mesophyll having 103 species i.e. 30.2%. The TWINSPAN classification sorted out vegetation of the area into 13 plant communities. Six sub communities were identified in subtropical zone, 4 in mixed Pinus roxburghii and Pinus wallichiana forests, 5 in pure Pinus wallichiana forests, 4 in western mixed coniferous forests, 3 in pure Abies pindrow and Picea smithiana forests and 2 plant communities were identified in alpine zone. The index of similarity was maximum (35.7%) for Wikstroemia, Viburnum, Androsace and Juniperus, Sibbaldia, Primula communities. Ordination analyses of the data provided a compositional response with a gradient of 6.4 SD units long. The total variance (inertia) in the species data was 7.07. Bray-Curtis ordination score was maximum for axis 1 (0.96) having regression coefficient -54.1 and variance in distance were 2.5. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA ordination) produced a maximum gradient length of 6.3 recorded for axis 1 with eigenvalue of 0.71. DCA clustered xv different species having similar habitats and different stands having common species. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA ordination) showed that plant species and stands were in linear combination with environmental variables. Acacia modesta and Ficus carica was positively correlated with temperature. Betula utilis, Juniperus communis, Ciminalis karelinii and Wulfenia amherstiana species were negatively correlated with temperature. Conservation status of the plants species recorded for the area showed that 10 species fall under critically endangered and 12 more species fall under endangered categories. Major threats recorded for the flora were habitat losses, excessive logging, selective and unscientific collection of herbs, over grazing, erosion, environmental changes and introduction of exotic taxa. We concluded that Nandiar Khuwar Catchment has great potential for conservation of the native species of the Western Himalayan Ecoregion. The conservation issues needs to be addressed through devising strategies for protection, recovery and rehabilitation of the threatened species within their respective stands.