آخرکیا ہے زندگی؟
زندگی پر یہ بے لاگ تبصرے
وقت کے ضیاع کے سوا کچھ نہیں
زندگی کا سراغ کسے ملا ہے
ہر کسی کو زندگی سے گلہ ہے
یہ کیوں اور کس لیے ملی؟
مورِ ناتواں کے سکڑتے پیٹ کی صدا ہے زندگی؟
بیلوں کی بھوک سے نکلی پسلیوں کی نوا ہے زندگی؟
سنگ و خشت اٹھائے مزدوروں کی ندا ہے زندگی؟
تخت پہ بیٹھے شیروں کی عیش کا نام ہے زندگی؟
Khushal Khan Khattak, a seventeenth century Pakhtun writer, poet and swordsman, and his forefathers had served the Mughal for a long time. However, his fortune took a sudden twist when Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb imprisoned him in 1664, and kept him in solitary confinement at Ranthambore fort. After his release from prison, Khushal Khan was a different person. He remained no more a loyal Mughal official afterwards. Although, Aurangzeb Alamgir and a number of Mughal governors of Kabul tempted him several time to accept a position in the frontier areas but he out-rightly declined. This transformation is clearly visible in his poetry. He took up arms against the Mughals in 1673 and declared a war against them despite the fact that some of his family members even his son had sided with the Mughals. He continued his anti-Mughal struggle till his death in 1689. Some of the critics look at the antiMughal role of Khushal Khan with suspicion and have raised a few queries in this connection. This study looks into the circumstances that saw transformation in his outlook towards the Mughals. Then it explores, whether it was a personal vendetta or the start of a collective anti-Mughal Pakhtun struggle. The article looks into various dimensions, nature and direction of his struggle. This research paper is an attempt to evaluate objectively as to why and how Khushal Khan joined the anti-Mughal camp in the borderland area. Some more related questions are also discussed in details in this article.
Hadrons are multi-particle systems consisting of quarks and gluons. These constituents cannot escape from hadrons due to their strong interaction, which increases as they move apart. Experimental and theoretical studies of hadronic structure indicate that the extent of this confinement might vary from hadron to hadron depending upon their composition. Similar aspect has also been pointed out in case of nuclei, which needs to be probed. In our work, we have carried out a detailed survey of the experimental and theoretical approaches with special reference to quark structure. Our work is focused upon Generalized Chou Yang model (a geometrical model) and its predictive power about structure of hadrons and nuclei. In the literature, there is an indication that root mean square (rms) radii of hadrons may decrease with increasing strange quark content. In order to test this aspect, we computed rms radii of several hadrons ( , p, ) having varying strange quark content, by using electromagnetic form factors predicted by Generalized Chou Yang model. The computed results indicate that rms radii decrease with increasing strange content in the hadrons (separately for baryons and mesons). The computed rms radii of lighter nuclei are also found to decrease but with an increase in mass. This decrease in the rms radii of lighter nuclei is attributed to the increase in strength of strong interaction amongst nucleons. Greater the number of nucleons, stronger will be the binding inside nucleus, thus decreasing the rms radii or the nuclear size. An analogy is proposed amongst hadrons and nuclei: rms radii decrease as the mass of hadrons/light nuclei increase. The computed results are consistent with those from other theoretical models and experiments.