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Home > Comparative Study of Lthe Effectiveness of Audio-Lingual and Grammar Trannnslation Methods of Teaching English at Intermediate Level in Azad Kashmir M. Phil Thesis

Comparative Study of Lthe Effectiveness of Audio-Lingual and Grammar Trannnslation Methods of Teaching English at Intermediate Level in Azad Kashmir M. Phil Thesis

Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Hussain, Raja

Supervisor

Zulkaif Ahmad

Program

Mphil

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1995

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

243.;

Subject

English

Language

English

Other

Call No: 420.7 MUC; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676709807274

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مظفر شاہ خاں یوسفی

مظفر شاہ خاں یوسفی
سخت افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ ہمارے عزیز دوست اورندوۃ المصنفین کے پُرانے رفیق مظفر شاہ خاں صاحب یوسفی اچانک راہی ملک بقا ہوگئے۔موصوف کی عمر پچاس سال کے لگ بھگ ہوگی۔صحت بہت عمدہ تھی اور مضبوط توانا جسم رکھتے تھے۔شب کے کسی حصّہ میں کچھ کرب و بے چینی محسوس ہوئی، پلنگ سے اُٹھ کر صحن میں ٹہلنے لگے، اسی عالم میں گرپڑے اور بیہوش ہوگئے اورصبح تک جان جان آفریں کے سپرد کردی۔ مرحوم بڑے قابل اور لائق فائق تھے۔ اُردو اور ہندی دونوں میں ایم۔ اے تھے، روسی زبان کاامتحان بھی اعلیٰ نمبروں میں پاس کیا تھا۔ اُردو اور ہندی کے شگفتہ نگار ادیب تھے۔تقسیم سے پہلے اُن کی دوکتابیں ادارہ سے شائع ہوئی تھیں ،ایک عرصہ سے ماہنامہ’’ آجکل ‘‘ کے عملہ ادارت سے وابستہ تھے۔ اسی درمیان میں ایک اسکالر شپ پردو برس امریکہ میں بھی رہ آئے تھے اور وہاں سے واپسی پر کناڈا، تمام یورپ اور مشرقِ وسطیٰ کی سیاحت کرتے ہوئے وطن پہنچے تھے اور اب پھر دوبارہ ڈاکٹریٹ کے لیے امریکہ جانے والے تھے کہ آخرت کاسفر پیش آگیا۔ اخلاقی اعتبارسے نہایت شریف، بڑے دوست نواز، ملنسار اورخلیق ومتواضع اور شائستہ اطوار تھے۔اﷲ تعالیٰ انہیں مغفرت وبخشش کی نعمتوں سے سرفراز فرمائے اوراُن کے بچّوں وبیوہ کاحامی وناصر ہو۔آمین۔
[اگست۱۹۶۸ء]

 

مولانا مناظر احسن گیلانی اور ان کی صوفیانہ فکر

Juristic rules laid the foundation of law, along with such juristic rules, Islām promotes the values of piety (through mystic guidelines). Most of the theologians opine that the real approach to get close the Creator can only be achieved through the mystic guidelines. In the early period of Islām, during the time of the prophet, , caliphate guided rightly the of periods the during and (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad when people were trained in a very righteous environment, there were no such reservations about the applications of clear jurisprudential injunctions along with the mystic guidelines, but, when Muslims tasted the grandeur of rule, regime and abundance of wealth, they indulged in the worldly affairs and adopted a materialistic approach, not only in their daily life, but, toward their religion, too. The Muslim thinkers have been trying to define and explain whether the typical rituals of mysticism are reconcilable with the larger demands of an Islamic vocabulary. Despite the wide diversity of the critical approaches, a certain pattern has been identified by Muslim responses as mysticism, which is, sometimes found closer to asceticism and sometime as a mediator. Many Muslim mystics have dealt with mysticism, but, perhaps, Manāẓir Aḥsan Gīlānī has displayed, with reference to Ibn ‘Arabī and Shāh Walī Ullāh, the most impressive and knowledgeable applications of such mystic ideas within an Islamic framework. Manāẓir’s applied mysticism is not a typical mysticism; his special focus upon legal injunctions of al-Sharī‘ah goes much further than any of his peers in establishing a strong framework for better understanding of Islām. This study is devoted to examining the effects and implications of mysticism, not only for individuals, but also for the Muslim masses, generally.

Removal of Direct Dyes from Synthetic Effluents by Agro-Industrial Wastes: Batch and Column Studies

The present study was designed to remove five different direct dyes (Direct Violet 51, Indosol Turquoise FBL, Indosol Black NF, Indosol Yellow BG and Indosol Orange RSN) from aqueous solutions by using agro-industrial waste materials (sugarcane bagasse, peanut husk, corn cobs, cotton sticks and sunflower) in batch and column mode. The batch mode study was performed to compare the biosorption potential of native, pretreated and immobilized forms of biosorbents for the removal of direct dyes. Important process parameters like pH, contact time, biosorbent dose, initial dye concentration and temperature were optimized during batch experiments. The results revealed that low pH, low biosorbent dose and low temperature were the feasible conditions for maximum removal of dyes. The pretreated form of biosorbents depicted highest biosorption capacity (39.6 mg/g for Direct Violet 51, 65.09 mg/g for Indosol Turquoise FBL, 89.6 mg/g for Indosol Black NF, 79.5 mg/g for Indosol Yellow BG and 79.7 mg/g for Indosol Orange RSN) as compare to native and immobilized form of biosorbents. The experimental data of all the five dyes was subjected to different kinetic models and pseudo-second order kinetic model was found to be best fit on the experimental results. Different equilibrium isotherms were applied on the data to explain the mechanism of biosorption and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model fitted very well on the experimental results for all the dyes. Thermodynamic study showed that biosorption process was feasible at lower temperatures as indicated by lower values of ∆G. The negative values of ∆H indicated that biosorption process was exothermic in nature. The column mode experiments were conducted to optimize the bed height, flow rate and initial dye concentration. Higher bed heights, lower flow rates and higher initial dye concentrations were found to be favorable conditions for maximum dye removal in column mode study. Box-Behnken experimental design was used to investigate the main and interaction effects of three important parameters like initial dye concentration, biosorbent dose and pH on the removal of direct dyes and results were analyzed by ANOVA and p-values. The biosorption process was also applied on the real textile effluents for the efficient removal of COD. Characterization of biosorbents was carried out by FT-IR and SEM analysis. The results revealed that agricultural waste materials have high biosorption capacities for the removal of dyes from wastewaters.