ڈاکٹر نکلسن
گزشتہ اگست میں مشہور انگریز مستشرق ڈاکٹر نکلسن نے ۷۷ سال کی عمر میں انتقال کیا، وہ عربی و فارسی زبان کے فاضل اور لندن اور کیمبرج یونیورسٹی میں ان دونوں زبانوں کے استاد رہے تھے، ان کا موضوع اسلامی تصوف تھا، اس کے وہ یورپ میں امام مانے جاتے تھے، انہوں نے اسلامیات اور تصوف پر کئی کتابیں لکھیں، اس کی بعض قدیم اور اہم کتابوں کو ایڈٹ کیا، اور انگریزی میں ان کے ترجمے کئے، شیخ ابونصر سراج کی کتاب اللمع اور مثنوی مولانا روم کی بڑی محنت سے تصحیح کی، یہ دونوں کتابیں گب میموریل سیریز کی جانب سے شائع ہوگئی ہیں، کشف المحجوب، مثنوی مولانا روم اور انتخاب دیوان شمس تبریز کا انگریزی میں ترجمہ کیا، اسلامی تصوف اور صوفیائے اسلام پر مستقل کتابیں لکھیں، عربوں کی علمی و ادبی تاریخ پر ایک مسبوط کتاب لٹریری ہسٹری آف دی عربس تالیف کی ہندوستان میں ان کا نام زیادہ سراقبال مرحوم کی مثنوی اسرار خودی کے مترجم کی حیثیت سے مشہور ہے، لیکن اسلامیات سے اس دلچسپی کے باوجود ان کا دامن تعصب و تنگ نظری سے پاک نہ تھا، جس کا اثر لٹریری ہسٹری آف دی عربس میں زیادہ نمایاں ہے، اور یہ کتاب علمی و مذہبی دونوں حیثیتوں سے اعتبار کے لائق نہیں ہے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اکتوبر ۱۹۴۵ء)
Islam has prescribed its orders either demanding some acts or avoiding from the prohibited acts. This research article is about the Islamic prohibitions regarding family matters. No doubt family is the most sacred and sensitive institution of the society and Islam has well established this institution with its orders providing the ethical, spiriyual and legal values to the Muslim Society. Some of these orders are purely family matters and some are family as well as the matters related to the whole society. This research paper is to elaborate the Islamic prohibitions which affect the family as well as the social life of the individuals and it is just to make the society peaceful and obligation and rights onserving society.
A critical aspect of citizenship education is the preparation of students for an informed, responsible and participative role in the society. There is a widespread acceptance in literature that preparation for effective citizenship can be achieved through citizenship education at school that can help each new generation develop the knowledge, skills and attitudes that will equip them to have good life as adults and, as well as to become democratic citizens. This study therefore measures the extent to which citizenship knowledge, skills and attitudes are developed in grade ten students of private and government schools of Karachi, Pakistan for gauging the extent of preparedness of young learners for taking up their future roles as democratic citizens. To achieve the purpose of the research study, a cross-sectional survey with the aid of an adopted and modified questionnaire was conducted in 16 schools selected from 4 towns of Karachi through a one-stage stratified cluster sampling across school systems: Government and Private, to collect data from 267 grade ten students. The findings from the study although demonstrate that private school students have outperformed the government school students on citizenship knowledge, skills and attitudes but as a whole, students of both the school system are lagging behind in terms of citizenship knowledge, skills and attitudes to act as effective democratic citizens in future. This study has identified some opportunities and the inefficiency of schools in this context to provide such opportunities sufficiently to students, both inside and outside classrooms to enhance their citizenship learning, have caused them to lag behind in terms of citizenship knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to nurture them as democratic citizens. Finally, the study has revealed parents through their education and home literacy resources to act as significant predictor in enhancing citizenship learning of students. As such it has highlighted strong recommendations for parents and other stakeholders to be followed in order to cultivate children as informed and active citizens.