تصوف کے غیر مشہور سلاسل کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Human being is the combination of two elements (body and soul). Soul is the eternal element in human being. Body of human is subordinate to disease and illness. Similarly soul can also get illness and inner disease. Human being visits doctors for cure and getting better physical health of body, likewise for the care and cure of the soul of human needs to have spiritual attachment, which is called tasawof. In Muslim society, it is believed that Tasawoof is confined to four categories (Salasil) i.e. Naqashbandiya, Chishtiya, Saharwardiya and Qadariya. In the same context it is also accepted that some other names of different salasil exist in different societies and books, which made the confusion in the  real picture and concept of Tasawof. This article is an attempt to find  these unfamiliar Salasil of tasawof and clarify their legal status. The researcher studied in this context which stated that tasawof is not restricted to the above mentioned four categories. The reason of less familiarization in the society is that the it was practiced by less followers at the time.

Th Spati He Io-Temp Poral Di Istribut Tion an Susta Nd Ainable Ma Anagem Ment of Jassid A J Amrasca Bigutt Ca Ttulabig Guttula a Homop Ptera: Cicadell Lidae O Brinj on Jal Sola Anum Me Elongen L. in Na Nthe Pun Njab, Pa Akistan

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), is the most important traditional and commercial vegetable in the Punjab, Pakistan. Jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttulaL.)is a sucking pest of brinjal and has many host-crops, making an intensive vegetable production impossible. Study was conducted to determine spatio temporal distribution of jassid on the brinjal crop in the three sites (districts) i.e Faisalabad, Multan and Layyah during 2008. The population of jassid per leaf was counted on the weekly based and correlated with the weather factors. The highest level of population were maximum in Layyah (4.12/leaf), minimum in Multan (3.53/Leaf) and Faisalabad showed the intermediate development of the jassid population (3.89/leaf). The simple correlation showed that maximum, minimum and average temperature of all three areas viz Faisalabad, Multan and Layyah showed the positive and highly significant correlation with jassid. The relative humidity of Faisalabad was significant but negative correlation and its rain fall has negative but non significant correlation. While district Multan and Layyah both showed the negative and non-significant correlation with the relative humidity and rain fall. Next study was experimented in 2009 and 2010 in the field area of Post Graduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS) University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for initial screening on 14 varieties of brinjal which showed the significant and different results from each other. The experiments were laid in RCBD with the 3 replication. The data was taken at weekly based. The data was correlated with weather factors for the population fluctuation. In the initial screening trial during 2009, the data was highly significant between the genotypes, dates of observations. Minimum populations were present at the Rubi (1.43/leaf) which showed the resistance response and the maximum populations of jassid were showed at the Bemissal (3.38/leaf) which showed the susceptible response. In the final screening experiment during 2010 the all genotype mostly showed the same type of observation as in 2009. Bemissal (3.36/leaf) recorded the maximum jassid population and the minimum numbers of jassid were recorded to be 1.42/ leaf on Rubi. The fruit yield were recorded maximum in the Rubi (81.00kg/plot) which showed the resistance response and minimum was recorded in the Bemissal (44.66kg/plot) which showed the susceptible response during 2009. The different physio-morphic characters which were recorded during 2010 i.e Hair density, length of hairs on lamina midrib and vein leaves showed negative and significant correlation with pest population of jassid on brinjal. Similarly moister % and plant height showed the negative correlation but significant in moister and non significant in plant height. While leaf area, number of primary branches and thickness of leaf lamina showed the positive and significant correlation with the jassid population. Hair density on lamina showed 78.2% role in the fluctuation population of brinjal jassid. The all chemical plant characters showed significant diffractions between the selected varieties. nitrogen, lipids, potassium, reducing sugar, phosphorus, calcium zinc, ADF, Cellulose, NDF, and Crude Fat showed negative and significant correlation but potassium and phosphorus has non-significant correlation. Whereas Ash contents, crude protein, copper, magnesium, Lignin had significant and positive correlation with the jassid population. The different control methods were applied such as use of resistance variety (Rubi, a comparatively resistant variety), cultural control, Biological control, Botanical control and the chemical insecticide in PARS and AARI during 2011. The experiment was laid in RCBD with the four replications. The applications of the treatments were done 3 times. To get the yield, picking has been done seven times in season. A mixture of treatments (Cultural control + spray with Imidacloprid + Tobacco extract + surfactant) showed the most successful results with the minimum jassid population/leaf on brinjal. While minimum control was shown in the cultural control with the high population of jassid. The combination of cultural control+ spray with imidacloprid + Tobacco extract + surfactant showed maximum yield of on the brinjal (166kg/plot) and minimum was recorded in the cultural control (91.97kg/ha). Application of treatment T11 gave the highest Cost Benefit Ratio 1:79 as compared to all others treatments.